1. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9 Management of Injuries and Acute Illness

2. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Responding to An Emergency An emergency involves an unexpected event or condition that requires a prompt response.

3. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Program Planning Every program should develop policies and response procedures to follow in the event of an illness or serious emergency. –Plans should be reviewed and updated frequently. –Staff should be familiar with these plans and know how they are to be implemented.

4. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Program Planning (continued) Staff members should be trained in basic first aid and CPR. First-aid supplies should be available and accessible. Families should also be informed of program emergency response policies and procedures.

5. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Basic Principles Remain with the child at all times. Do not move unless there is danger of further injury. Do not give fluids or medications unless prescribed. Call for medical assistance. Notify the child’s family. Record all information about the event.

6. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Evaluating a Victim Assess the child Alert another adult Attend to the victim Record all observations and treatments And, never attempt to diagnose or give medical advice

7. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Absence of Breathing Establish that a victim is not breathing. Position (head tilt-chin lift) and give two small breaths. Begin CPR (using a compression-to- ventilation rate of 30:2 for persons of all ages except newborns). Continue until the victim begins breathing or emergency medical assistance arrives.

8. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. CPR View a quick demonstration of CPR techniques by clicking on the links: –http://depts.washington.edu/learncpr/videode mo/infant-cpr-video.htmlhttp://depts.washington.edu/learncpr/videode mo/infant-cpr-video.html –http://depts.washington.edu/learncpr/videode mo/child-cpr-video.htmlhttp://depts.washington.edu/learncpr/videode mo/child-cpr-video.html

9. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Airway Obstruction Children under five years are at highest risk. –Why? –What other groups of children are at high risk for choking? –What items do children choke on most often?

10. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Airway Obstruction (continued) Use the Heimlich maneuver to dislodge an item in the child’s airway. Know how this technique is applied differently for: –Infants –Toddlers –Older children and adults Stop compressions and begin CPR at once if the child stops breathing

11. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Shock Shock is life-threatening and can occur with many different types of injuries. The victim may appear pale, weak, and confused. Help the victim to lie down; elevate feet 8 to 10 inches and observe closely for breathing. Call for emergency medical assistance.

12. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Asthma Attacks Asthma attacks are caused by swelling and narrowing of the air passages. Severity of attacks varies from mild coughing and wheezing to life-threatening. Asthma rates for children under 5 years have increased almost 160 percent. Boys are diagnosed more often than girls. Children 5 to 17 years of age missed 13 million school days due to asthma (CDC, 2008).

13. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Asthma Attacks (continued) Encourage the child to relax. Administer prescribed medications (inhaler). Monitor the child’s breathing. Call for emergency medical assistance if the attack is prolonged or the child becomes fatigued and is struggling to breathe. Notify the child’s family.

14. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Bleeding Call for emergency medical assistance if bleeding comes in spurts or cannot be controlled. Follow Universal Precautions. Apply direct pressure; elevate if possible. Notify the child’s family.

15. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Diabetes Approximately 15,000 children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes every year. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and is being diagnosed at an alarming rate among young children. Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death.

16. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Diabetes (continued) The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is highest for African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, Native Americans, some Asian Americans, and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders.

17. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Diabetes (continued) Teachers must work closely with the families of children who have been diagnosed with diabetes. Emergency management requires: –Recognizing symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia (Table 9-6) –Administering treatment and calling for emergency medical assistance if needed

18. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Drowning Drowning is the leading cause of death among young children under 14 years. Prevention is essential! –What precautions must be taken to protect children from accidental drowning? Administer CPR if the child is not breathing. Call for emergency medical assistance and contact the child’s family.

19. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Head Injury Every head injury should be considered potentially serious. Observe the child carefully for 48 hours. –What signs should you observe a child for? Become familiar with developing signs of serious complications.

20. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Poisoning Why are young children at high risk for unintentional poisoning? What signs might indicate a potential poisoning? Know how to distinguish different categories of ingested substances (Table 9-7).

21. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Non-Life-Threatening Conditions Teachers should know how to care for children who experience a variety of injuries and acute illnesses. How would you respond to each of the following conditions? –Scrapes and cuts –Bites –Blisters –Burns –Eye injuries

22. ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Non-Life-Threatening Conditions (continued) –Fractures –Frostbite –Heat stroke –Nosebleeds –Seizures –Splinters –Tooth emergencies