1. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 1 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 1 PIN flame retardants, fire safety and smoke toxicity April 2016

2. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 2 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 2 the Phosphorus, Inorganic and Nitrogen Flame Retardants Association 20 members: manufacturers and users of PIN flame retardants established in 2009 as a Sector Group within Cefic, the European Chemical Industry Council pinfa-na North America, sister association, established in 2012 mutual membership with INEMI* and GTFI** we welcome further membership * International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative * *Groupement Technique Français contre l'Incendie Who is pinfa?

3. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 3 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 3 pinfa members (1/1/2016)

4. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 4 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 4 Vision: continuously improving the environmental and health profile of their flame retardant products, offering innovative solutions for sustainable fire safety Concept of an ideal flame retardant:  fit for purpose, not toxic, risk and hazard controlled  does not migrate out of finished products  does not contribute to release additional toxic or corrosive gases in case of fire  does not impede the recycling of finished materials  degradable in the environment or remains neutral as naturally occurring substances Commitment: to maintain high fire safety standards across the world, standards which minimize the risk of fire to the general public Pinfa members’ shared vision

5. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 5 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 5 Activities  Information  Technical brochures  Media articles  Conferences, pinfa workshops  pinfa Newsletter  Product selector  Website www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org  Fire safety and stakeholder dialogue  Projects  Information monitoring and sharing (science, appliations, regulations, trends …)  Follow up of regional projects (EU, US, Asia …)  Standards  End of life / recycling

6. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 6 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 6 Information about possible applications and regulatory status of PIN flame retardants Applications range from Thermoplastics Foams Textiles Paints/Coatings Adhesives Thermosets Wire and cables REACH status for products is currently being implemented www.pinfa.org pinfa Product Selector

7. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 7 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 7 EU research project FP7: 226563 Life Cycle Assessment of Environment-Compatible Flame Retardants ENFIRO offers a prototypical case study on substitution options resulting in a comprehensive dataset on the viability of production, application, and environmental safety, including a complete life cycle assessment (LCA) See www.enfiro.eu - Final project report published on the European Commission website http://cordis.europa.eu/projects/rcn/92068_en.html - “Life cycle assessment of flame retardants in an electronics application”, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (Springer), N. Jonkers et al., 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11367-015-0999-zwww.enfiro.euhttp://cordis.europa.eu/projects/rcn/92068_en.html http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11367-015-0999-z EU project ENFIRO

8. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 8 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 8 US-EPA project : Alternatives Assessments of FRs www.epa.gov/df www.epa.gov/df Evaluation of environmental and health properties of alternative FRs Hazard focused approach No black and white picture:  Alternatives have chemical hazards, too  Need to check relevance  No surprises because of data gaps Green Screen http://www.greenscreenchemicals.org/ http://www.greenscreenchemicals.org/ Other industry tools are being developed  E.g. Clariant company Portfolio Value Program (PVP), Solway Way framework, DSM eco+, BASF Seebalance®PVPframeworkeco+Seebalance

9. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 9 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 9 PIN flame retardants can be compatible with polymer recycling - Mechanical recycling - Feedstock recycling - Energy recovery Phosphorus and minerals, basic elements of PIN FRs, can be recovered in smelters and recycled PIN FRs are compatible with recycled and bio-sourced polymers pinfa monitors and promotes science and case studies of PIN FR plastics recycling Pinfa / Fraunhofer / German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF) PIN FR recycling demonstration project launched 2015 See pinfa Newsletter n°64 at www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org End-of-life and recycling

10. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 10 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 10 Smoke is a known carcinogen Epidemiological evidence of higher rates of certain cancers in fire fighters Certain cancers correlated to fire hours or number of fire runs In particular, lung (inc. mesothelioma - asbestos), esophagus intestine, kidney cancers, leukemia Skin toxin absorption increases x4 for every 5°C Challenges of using PPE and exposure limitation in emergency intervention IARC firefighting (2010), soot (2005) NIOSH USA, Daniels et al. 2013, 2015: 30 000 firefighters Nordic Study, Pukala et al., 2013: 16 400 firefighters Smoke toxicity and fire fighter health risks: A real issue of concern

11. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 11 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 11 Fire fighters are exposed to: smoke and soot ; asbestos ; chemicals on intervention sites ; diesel exhausts ; … Other factors: stress, shift work Chemicals in smoke and soot produced during incomplete combustion: PAHs, benzene, formaldehyde, dioxins/furans, 1,3-butadiene, arsenic … Exposure by breathing, skin, ingestion Soot and particles deposited on protective clothing: importance of complete cleaning Smoke toxicity and fire fighter health risks: Complexity Furnished room fire test at 3 minutes after contact between a match and non flame retardant sofa. NIST, USA, 2014 http://www.nist.gov/fire/rfsvideo.cfmhttp://www.nist.gov/fire/rfsvideo.cfm

12. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 12 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 12 Flame retardants save lives - both of the public (building occupants) - and of firefighters Reduce the number of fires which start (prevent ignition) or develop (prevent spread to other items, delay fire growth)  Avoid firefighter intervention / increase time for intervention  Delay flashover  Less material burned = less smoke and less soot FRs and toxicity risks from smoke and soot Advantages of flame retardant use

13. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 13 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 13 Critical for escape time and for fire fighter rescue: Smoke density Short-term toxicity: CO, HCN, pH / corrosivity … and of course time to flashover Long-term firefighter risks: incomplete combustion can lead to: PAH, benzenes … Dioxins/furans … material burned … particle size / form/ properties … quantity of smoke and soot FRs and toxicity risks from smoke and soot Short and long term toxicity

14. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 14 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 14 All burning materials, synthetic and natural, emit smoke and soot under uncontrolled burn conditions Smoke and soot emissions depend on: Quantities of material burned Type of material Fire ventilation  How do FRs impact smoke and soot emissions and toxicity ? FRs and toxicity risks from smoke and soot Fire conditions

15. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 15 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 15  Depends on the FR chemistry  Depends on mode of action FRs and toxicity risks from smoke and soot Impact of flame retardants  Gas phase: - main mode of halogen FRs - partly some phosphorus FRs  Dilution/cooling - endothermic reaction - release of water vapor, inert gases  Condensed phase - char layer - insulating ‘intumescent’ layer Illustrations: polymer-additives.specialchem.com and pubs.rsc.org

16. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 16 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 16 PIN flame retardants enable low smoke, low corrosivity:  Required in aircraft, railways, ships …  Protects occupants  Protects fire alarm / security installations Achieved by -Mineral PIN FRs -Mineral PIN smoke suppressant synergists -PIN intumescent and char formers FRs and toxicity risks from smoke and soot HFFR / LSZH / LZ0H www.melos-gmbh.comwww.melos-gmbh.com www.ukcables.co.uk www.prysmiangroup.comwww.ukcables.co.uk www.prysmiangroup.com

17. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 17 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 17  Data from product and fire tests: - mainly short term toxicity - also smoke emission, corrosivity  Depends on fire aeration conditions  EU Construction Products Regulation: smoke toxicity requirements under consideration Need to collate and assess data relevant to impacts of flame retardant use on long term smoke toxicity  pinfa is planning a literature study, including fire test reports  Propose a European R&D and testing project ? Pinfa proposed actions Need for better information

18. COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 18 www.pinfa.orgwww.pinfa.org and @pinfa_eu@pinfa_eu COFISH – Conference on Fire Safety & Health 2016 18 PIN flame retardants, fire safety and smoke toxicity April 2016 contact pinfa: pinfa@cefic.be +32 2 676 74 36