1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 5: Language The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. If you were living in the Netherlands (Holland)… You would be taking at least 2 foreign language classes (since elementary school!) You would probably be able to speak 3 languages by the time you graduated You would be able to speak a foreign language (English) with barely an accent!

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Only 11 of the 6,909 languages… Are spoken by at least 100 million people 6,756=spoken by less than 3 million English, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Bengali, Hindi (India), Japanese, Lahnda (Pakistan), & Mandarin (Chinese)

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Language is…. like luggage= people carry it with them when they move Transferred through relocation diffusion (movement!) Language today= key means of “fighting” globalization by preserving local diversity Linguistic fragmentation- condition in which many languages are spoken by small # of people (Africa)

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Distribution of languages… Results from a combination of 2 processes: interaction (spreading a language through migration) & isolation (causes the language to develop independently) Individual languages= emerged as a result of historical events Language families= emerged several thousands years before recorded history

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? Origin and diffusion of English: –English is spoken by 328 million as a first language –Official language of 57 countries –1/3 of the world: lives in one of these countries English (former British) colonies (America, Ireland, South Asia, South Pacific, Southern Africa) & American (Philippines) = official language English

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Watch… English in many dialects: http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=Jlvb5wRrkrIhttp://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=Jlvb5wRrkrI Problems with intercultural communication (Star Trek): http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=58_xp8dGy5Q http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=58_xp8dGy5Q Watch: http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=jD- _l5p3MzI&feature=youtube _gdata_player&safety_mod e=true&persist_safety_mod e=1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=jD- _l5p3MzI&feature=youtube _gdata_player&safety_mod e=true&persist_safety_mod e=1&safe=active Learn to speak Klingon: http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=DCkUa pnbNpc http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=DCkUa pnbNpc Watch (Princess Diana): http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=G2sjrb K3J3k&feature=yout ube_gdata_player&s afety_mode=true&pe rsist_safety_mode=1 &safe=activehttp://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=G2sjrb K3J3k&feature=yout ube_gdata_player&s afety_mode=true&pe rsist_safety_mode=1 &safe=active

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. English-Speaking Countries Figure 5-2

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. A little history…English Language Origins of English –Celtic tribes arrived 2,000 B.C. –450 A.D.: Germanic tribes from Europe arrived German invasions (Angles, Jutes, and Saxons) from Germany & Denmark = Anglo-Saxon (English) – 800 A.D.: Tribes from Norway arrived –Norman invasions = 1066 A.D. (Normandy, France) =300 years of French-speaking (permanently changed the language) English= MIX!!!

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Invasions of England Figure 5-3

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? Dialects of English –Dialect = a regional variation of a language –Isogloss = a word-usage boundary (geographic boundary of where people use certain words) –Standard language = a well-established dialect when there are multiple dialects (like English) Used for govt., business, education, & mass comm. –Dialects England = British Received Pronunciation-BRP (wealthy Londoners and university language) Differences between British and American English (b/c of isolation in 1700s and 1800s!)

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. English Dialects Figure 5-5

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? American- English vs. British-English –Vocabulary (new words created in U.S.) Spelling (anti-British feelings= changed the spelling!) –Webster: removed “u” from “honour” and changed “c” to “s” in “defence” (diffusion of Webster’s dictionary!) –Pronunciation: Changed b/c correspondence w/England was in writing AND “modern” English in England evolved later

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Dialects in the United States -Differences exist b/c of different dialects of settlers -New England: From England (Puritans from southeast) -Southeastern: From England (more lower class from southeast) -Middle Atlantic: More diverse– Quakers from northern England; Scots & Irish; German, Dutch, Swede -Today: Language differences greater in rural areas vs. cities (isolation) -Pronunciation: Middle Atlantic spread! -Western expansion + Mass Media

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Dialects in the Eastern United States Figure 5-7

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Soft Drink Differences Figure 5-8

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? Indo-European(family) branches –Within a language FAMILY (oldest), Language branch (old) = collection of related languages that existed several 1,000 yrs ago. Language group (more recent)= languages w/in branch that have common recent history, etc. –Indo-European = eight (8) branches FOUR branches have a large number of speakers: –Germanic (NW Europe & N. America) –Indo-Iranian (South Asia & Middle East) –Balto-Slavic (Eastern Europe & Russia) –Romance (SW Europe, L. America, Romania) Others: Albanian, Armenian, Greek, & Celtic

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Branches of the Indo-European Family Figure 5-9

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Linguistic Differences in Europe and India Figure 5-10Figure 5-11

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Romance Branch (Origins: Vulgar Latin of Roman Empire)*creolized lang.=mix of new & old Figure 5-12

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? Origin and diffusion of Indo-European –A “Proto-Indo-European” (single ancestor) language? (hard to prove b/c before written history) Internal evidence: based words themselves (“winter” and “snow” common= cold climate) 2 theories of HOW, WHEN & WHERE diffused: –Nomadic warrior theory (diffused through warfare &conquest); from Kurgan conquerors 5,000-4,000 B.C. –Sedentary farmer theory (diffused through peaceful sharing of food; from Antolia (Turkey); 6,000 B.C.

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nomadic Warrior Theory Figure 5-14

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sedentary Farmer Theory Figure 5-15

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? Classification of languages –Indo-European = the largest language family 46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo- European language –Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language family 21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino- Tibetan language –Mandarin = the most used language in the world –**Chinese govt= concerned about spreading Chinese –Use ideograms (pictures/symbols representing each word)…1,000s to learn! (4,000 yrs old)

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Language Families Figure 5-16

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What other families are in East & Southeast Asia? Austronesian: mainly in Indonesia –Ex: Javanese (Java), Malagasy (Madagascar) –* migration from Indonesia to Madagascar Austro-Asiatic: Vietnamese Tai Kadai: Thailand Japanese: Japan Korean: Korea

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? Languages of the Middle East and Central Asia –Afro-Asiatic Arabic = most widely spoken (Middle East) –Altaic Turkish = most widely spoken Also former Soviet countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, etc.) –Uralic Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Language Family Tree Figure 5-17

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? African language families –Extensive linguistic diversity 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of dialects –Niger-Congo 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a Niger-Congo language –Nilo-Saharan (northern Africa) –Khoisan (southern Africa) “Click” languages

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. African Language Families Figure 5-19

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nigeria’s Main Languages Figure 5-20

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Preserve Languages? Preserving language diversity –Extinct languages (no longer spoken or read daily) Ex: Gothic in E. Europe (East Germanic GROUP) 473 “endangered” languages today (only few older people who aren’t teaching it to children)-Peru example (500->92->14) –Reviving extinct languages: Hebrew (4,000 new words created in the process!) Preserving endangered languages: Celtic branch, Gaelic group (survives in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, & Brittany area of France) –** Survival depends on the political and military strength of its speakers! (Celtic example: England more powerful!)

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Multilingual States –Belgium and Switzerland: Romance and Germanic branches in both –Multilingual states (countries) Walloons (south=French, had more power and $$) and Flemings (north=Flemish) in Belgium Now: 2 regions – Flanders (north and includes Brussels, the capital) and Wallonia (south, not as wealthy today); debating becoming 2 countries –Switzerland: working better because decentralized government (more local/regional power); 4 regions and 4 official languages –Isolated languages (not attached to a language family); isolation! Basque (pre Indo-European)- Pyranees Mts of Spain Icelandic (NOT isolated, but very well preserved!)

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Languages in Belgium Figure 5-23

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Preserve Languages? Global dominance of English: Lingua franca = an international language –Examples: Swahili in E. Africa; Hindi in S. Asia, Indonesian in SE Asia, Russian in former Soviet Union; English (all over the world) Pidgin language = a simplified version of a language (has no native speakers; is always spoken as a second language) Today: Expansion diffusion (snow-balling) of English (vs. relocation diffusion of the past) –Recent changes starting in local dialects of common people vs. elite (dialects of A. Americans, App.Mts) –Internet: key to spreading! Ebonics (A. American dialect)

36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Preserve Languages? Global dominance of English –Diffusion to other languages Franglais –Widespread use of English in the French language (upsets many people) –The French Academy (1635) = the supreme arbiter of the French language Spanglish –Cuban-Americans: Cubonics –Spread through popular culture (not taught in school unlike Ebonics) –Has created words that make sense (bipiar= to beep) Denglish (more efficient to use new words)

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. English–French Language Boundary Figure 5-27

38. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Religion