1. The Power of the Church, Reforms, and Crusades Mr. Snell HRHS

2. Setting the Stage 0 Weak government in in feudal Europe. 0 Church emerges as the powerful institution. 0 Church expansion 0 Popes authority gets questioned 0 Power struggled between Popes and Emperors

3. Church Authority 0 Pope Gelasius – Around 500 C.E. 0 Recognized potential conflict between authority 0 Pope bow to emperor, emperor bow to pope 0 800 – Charlemagne crowned H.R.E. 0 Church Structure: 0 Pope > Clergy > Church members 0 Church provides stability in unstable world.

4. Religion as a Unifying Force 0 Sacraments – important religious ceremonies. 0 Helped people attain salvation. 0 Example: Baptism 0 Local Church 0 Religious and Social center 0 Celebrations of holidays, like Easter. 0 People worship together

5. The Law 0 Religious & Political 0 Spiritual beliefs and rituals 0 System of justice 0 Canon Law – church law 0 Applied to all medieval Christians, kings, peasants. 0 Excommunication & interdict

6. Otto I allies with the Church 0 Otto I /Otto the Great – most effective ruler of Medieval Germany. 0 King in 936 0 Follow policies of Charlemagne 0 Invaded Italy on Pope’s behalf. 0 962 – Crowned Emperor by Pope. 0 Holy Roman Empire – German-Italian empire created under Otto.

7. The Pope be hatin’ 0 Church unhappy that kings have control over clergy and offices. 0 Lay investiture – Ceremony where kings and nobles appoint church officials 0 1075 – Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture. 0 German Emp. Henry IV called for him to step down from papacy. 0 Gregory excommunicated Henry IV. 0 German bishops/princes side with pope. 0 Henry IV seeks forgiveness to save his throne.

8. Showdown at Canossa 0 Henry crosses the Alps in 1077 to meet Pope Gregory at a castle. 0 Pope was obliged to show forgiveness. 0 Kept him waiting in snow for 3 days though 0 Overall, accomplished nothing  0 Pope Gregory humiliated Henry IV 0 Henry returned home to punish rebellious nobles.

9. Concordat of Worms 0 Fights over lay investiture until 1122. 0 Meeting in Worms, Germany. 0 Compromise: 0 Church alone can appoint bishop 0 Emperor can veto the appointment

10. Disorder in the Empire 0 1152 – Seven princes in Germany realize they need a strong ruler to keep peace. 0 Frederick I – aka “red beard”, is elected. 0 Invaded Italy repeatedly 0 Italy unites against him 0 Pope + Merchants = Lombard League 0 Battle of Legnano 0 Surprise victory for Italy 0 Use of crossbows defeats feudal knights 0 Frederick’s empire falls apart.

11. Church Reform: The Age of Faith 0 Monasteries Led the spiritual revival. 0 Church problems: 0 Some illiterate priests 0 Some popes were men of questionable morals. 0 More concern about church position than spirit. 0 Reformer issues: 0 Village priests were married with families, against Church rulings. 0 Simony – Practice of Bishops selling church positions. 0 Lay investiture

12. Reform & Church Organization 0 Everything we’ve already learned. 0 Concerns: 0 Tithing (tax) 0 Pope head of church kingdom 0 Canon Law 0 The church operated most hospitals in medieval Europe.

13. Cathedrals – Cities of God 0 Larger church built in city areas. 0 Viewed to represent the City of God. 0 Built in Romanesque style 0 Round arches, heavy roof upheld by thick walls and pillars. 0 Tiny windows letting in light.

14. New Style of Architecture 0 Early 1100s, Gothic Style – Emerged 0 Taken from Germanic tribe named the Goths. 0 Cathedrals thrust upward towards the heavens. 0 Light through huge stained glass windows. 0 Sculptures, wood-carvings, stained glass 0 Meant to inspire the worshipper with the magnificence of God. 0 500 churches built between 1170-1270.

15. Gothic Cathedrals

16. The Crusades

17. Crusades – “Holy war” 0 Age of Faith inspired wars of conquest. 0 1093 Byzantine emperor asks for help against the Muslim Turks threatening Constantinople. 0 Pope Urban II reads the same letter. 0 Calls for a “holy war,” to gain control of Holy Land. 0 Many Crusades launched over next 300 years.

18. Goal of the Crusades 0 Muslims controlled Palestine (the holy land) and threatened Constantinople. 0 Byzantine call for help 0 Pope wants to stop Muslim attacks. 0 Reunite Christendom, which split in 1054. 0 Kings & Church could get rid of knights. 0 Younger sons who wanted land, position in society, or adventure. 0 Merchants seeking profits

19. 1 st & 2 nd Crusades 0 Die on Crusade = assured place in heaven. 0 Early 1097 – Poorly organized First Crusade. 0 No strategy, poor leadership, ill-prepared soldiers. 0 Besieged Jerusalem for over a month. 0 Capture city in 1099. 0 Won 650 miles of land from Edessa to Jerusalem. 0 Crusaders vulnerable to Muslim counterattack 0 Edessa reconquered by Turks in 1144. 0 2 nd Crusade Organized to get it back. 0 Saladin – Muslim leader who defeats Christians in 1187.

20. Third Crusade 0 Recapture Jerusalem (again) since 2 nd failed. 0 Led by 3 European Monarchs: 0 Phillip II of France 0 Frederick I (Red beard) of Germany 0 Richard the Lion-Hearted of England 0 Phillip argues with Richard and leave. 0 Frederick Drowns 0 Richard to fight Saladin alone. 0 Many battles, agree to truce in 1192 0 Jerusalem to remain under Muslim control 0 Unarmed Christian pilgrims freely visit.

21. More Crusades??? When do they end? 0 1204 – Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem fails. 0 In the 1200s – Four more Crusades would fail to free the holy land. 0 Religious spirit faded, personal gains grew.

22. The Children’s Crusade 0 1212 – Thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem, in 2 separate journeys. 0 French group: 0 Armed with only belief that God would give them Jerusalem. 0 Cold, starvation, drowned, slavery. 0 German group: 0 March to Rome, pope told them to go home.

23. A Spanish Crusade (More on this later) 0 Reconquista – Spanish word for Crusade to reconquer land from the Muslims. 0 Spanish Unification under Christianity: 0 Inquisition – Spanish Court to suppress heresy.

24. Effects of the Crusades 0 Display forceful power of the Church. 0 Merchants expanded trade between Europe & Southwest Asia. 0 Later Crusades weakened the power of the pope. 0 Weakened feudal nobility & increased power of kings. 0 Fall of Constantinople weakens Byzantium. 0 Legacy of hatred between Muslims and Christians continuing to this day.