2. S0LAR AUTOMATIC RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTING VEHICLE
PRESENTED BY

3. INTRODUCTION
Indian railways is the fourth largest railway network in the world which runs around 11,000 trains every day, of which 7,000 are passenger trains transporting over 6 billion passengers annually. Safety measures employed now is not effective especially in the method of crack detection of rails.
Our project “SOLAR AUTOMATIC RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTING VEHICLE” is a concept of detection of cracks in railway tracks automatically and prompts to adopt the required steps to avoid accidents.

4. RAILWAY ACCIDENT
Railway Accidents occur due to the following reasons:-
The unmanned level crossing
Signal Failure
Human error
Crack in the railway track
Any big object in the track

6. BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram of the Automatic railway track crack detecting vehicle is shown in fig.
Block diagram consist of following three parts.
SENSOR
FM RECEIVER
FM TRANSMITTER

8. SENSOR
The sensor used in our project is IR sensor. They use infrared light to sense the crack in the railway track automatically. Once the crack is detected, the signal is sent to the FM transmitter unit.
FM TRANSMITTER
FM Transmitter unit is used to activate the receiver unit when the signal is received from IR sensors.
FM RECEIVER
The transmitted signal is received by the receiving aerial at the nearest railway station. This signal turns the relay circuit ON which gives an alarm about the crack in the track.

9. FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
FM TRANSMITTER
FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR FM
AMPLIFIER
DRIVER
TRANSMITTING ANTENNA

10. FM RECIEVER

11. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
The main components of the automatic railway track crack detecting vehicle are given bellow.
IR Sensor
FM transmitter and Receiver Unit
D.C. Motor
Engine (Spur Gear Mechanism)
Railway Track
Battery

12. IR SENSORS
A sensor is a transducer used to make a measurement of a physical variable. Any sensor requires calibration in order to be useful as a measuring device. Calibration is the procedure by which the relationship between the measured variable and the converted output signal is established

13. IR TRANSMITTER:
The IR transmitting circuit is used in many projects.
The IR transmitter sends 40 kHz (frequency can be adjusted) carrier under micro control (can turn the IR transmission on and off).
IR carriers at around 40 kHz carrier frequencies are widely used in TV remote controlling and ICs for receiving these signals are quite easily available.

14. IR RECEIVER:
In our project IR transmitter and receiver circuits are used to detect the cracks in the track.
IR receiver gives the control signals to the control unit.

15. In our project IR transmitter and receiver circuit is used to senses railway track cracks. There are two pairs of sensor are used.
Sensor 1 : One side of the train track
Sensor : Another side of train track
Sensor 1 and Sensor 2 are used to senses the moving train engine and giving control signal to the FM transmitter unit. More details about the Sensors are already discussed in the above chapter.

16. FM TRANSMITTER UNIT:-
F.M transmitter unit is used to activate the receiver unit when the signal received from the IR sensors.

17. TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The transmitter is made to activate with the supply from a 9volt battery. When IR sensor giving the crack detection signals the 9Volt is supplied to the Frequency modulator. The frequency modulator modulates the base hand signal by using a proper carrier frequency. The output of the modulator is given to a high power amplifier to raise the modulated signal. This modulated signal is then fed to the transmitting antenna.

18. RECEIVER CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The transmitted signal is received by the receiving aerial at the station master. The received signal contains unwanted energy, which is usually termed as noise. The noise affects the receiver sensitivity. So the noise should be filtered, this filtering is done by the low noise amplifier block. This weak signal is now amplified so that it turns the relay circuit ON (i.e.) to activate the main contactor

19. In our project permanent D.C motor is used.
The vehicle is driven by a dc motor . Ir rays are used for detecting the cracks. If there is a crack, the emitted IR rays from the IR transmitter will be received by the IR Receiver which are kept on either side of the track .
Now the dc motor control circuit cuts the supply to the motor and the vehicle will be stopped. FM transmitter will send a signal to the receiver which will produce an alarm at the station.

20. BATTERY
In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage.

21. Batteries:
To be economically attractive the storage of solar electricity requires a battery with a particular combination of properties:
Low cost
Long life
High reliability
High overall efficiency
Low discharge
Minimum maintenance
Ampere hour efficiency
Watt hour efficiency

22. WORKING PRINCIPLE
In our project, there are two set of IR sensor units are used to fit the two sides of the vehicle. This unit is used to activate/deactivate FM transmitter unit when there is any cracks in there path.
The IR transmitter and IR receiver circuit is used to sense the cracks. It is fixed to the front sides of the vehicle with a suitable arrangement

23. IR TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT:
IC 555
R4 (47Ω)

24. IR RECEIVER CIRCUIT:

25. AT NORMAL CONDITION:
The IR transmitter sensor is transmitting the infrared rays with the help of 555 IC timer circuit. These infrared rays are received by the IR receiver sensor.
The Transistor T1, T2 and T3 are used as an amplifier section. At normal condition Transistor T5 is OFF condition. At that time relay is OFF, so that the vehicle running continuously.

26. AT OBSTACLE CONDITION:
At crack detection conditions the IR transmitter and IR receiver, the resistance across the Transmitter and receiver is high due to the non-conductivity of the IR waves. So the output of transistor T5 goes from OFF condition to ON stage. At that instant, the relay is ON position. In that time, the motor power supply is disconnected and switch on to the FM transmitter unit. The FM receiver is fixed to the nearest station master, so that the alarm signal is given to the station master.

27. TRIPPING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
IC32 4
MOTOR
FROM SENSOR
BATTERY

28. NORMAL CONDITION:-
In normal condition the voltages applied to the non-inverting terminal (+ ive from engine voltage) is low when compared to the inverting terminal voltages (- ive from reference voltage).
At that instant, the OP-AMP output is –Vsat. (i.e -12 Volt). The transistor and relay are in “OFF” condition.

29. AT OBSTACLE DETECTION:-
At obstacle condition the voltages applied to the non-inverting terminal (+ ive from engine voltage) is high when compared to the inverting terminal voltages (- ive from engine voltage).
At that instant, the OP-AMP output is +Vsat. (i.e +12 Volt). The transistor and relay are in “ON” condition so that the cordless alarm is ON.

30. ADVANTAGES
The auto crack detection method is more efficient in the technical field
Quick response is achieved
Simple in construction
Easy to maintain and repair
Cost of the unit is less when compared to other
No fire hazard problem due to over loading
Comparatively the operation cost is less
Continuous operation is possible without stopping
Automatic alert system to the station master
The signal transmission is wireless transmission.

31. DISADVANTAGES
 The signal transmission is below 50 feet.
The vehicle operated in battery power, so rechargeable battery is used to drive the vehicle.

32. APPLICATIONS Automatic crack checking:-
The vehicle draws power from the battery. The optical sensor is used to detect the crack in the railway track. Suppose any crack in the track, the vehicle automatically stop and activates the FM transmitter circuit.
  Cordless identification to the station master:-
This unit can also be used to intimate the nearest railway station. The FM receiver circuit is fixed in the room of the station master.

33. MATERIALS USED

34. COST ESTIMATION

35. CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work.
We have completed the project work with the limited time successfully. The AUTOMATIC RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTING VEHICLE is working with satisfactory conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality. We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available facilities.

36. In conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few more lines about our impression project work. Thus we have developed an “AUTOMATIC RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTING VEHICLE” which helps to know how to achieve low cost automation. The application of sensor produces accurate operation. By using more techniques, they can be modified and developed according to the applications.

37. THANK YOU