1. Ottoman Educational System

2.  Historical background  Components of Learned Hierarchy  Ottoman Learned Hierarchy  Reform in Educational System (end of18th century)

3. Historical Background  Early Educational Institutions  Establishment and Spread of Madrasahs  Institutionalization in Educational System  Ottoman Madrasahs

4. Early Educational Institutions in Islamic World  Suffa  Mosque  Library (e.g. Baytu’l-Hikmah)  Dervish Lodges (Tekka)  Private Houses  Observatories etc.

5. 5 Al-Azhar Mosque (10th century) – Fatimids

6. Concept of Madrasah MADRASA: the place where people are educated (derives from “darasa = to teach” in Arabic  First apperance  10th century in Karahans  The institutionalization  11th century in Seljuk, especially with the regulations in funding system.

7. 7 Emergence of Madrasahs  Why madrasahs were established?

8. 8 1. To meet the needs of education and training activities Masjids  Masjid – Han Complexes (where  students can also stay) Madrasah

9. Gok Madrasah, 13th century, Tokat - Turkey

10. 10 2. To educate kadis (or civil servants with a rather broad sense) of the state in an institution - What and how was the relationship between the state and madrasas - What was the main place of non-religious studies in madrasa curriculum.

11. 11 3. To strengthen Sunnites doctrines against Shiite doctrines - The need of an institution against Shiite Daru’l-hikma 4. To Find a Place for Teaching of Natural Sciences.

12. 12 Institutionalisation and Spread  Nizamiya Madrasahs at the beginning of 11th century. (Seljuks)  Madrasahs became widespread  With Nizamiyas a new financial system incorporated to educational institutions (Waqf)  The curricula of the madrasah was systemized, mostly based on Fiqh

13. 13 Gevher Nesibe Medicine School and Madrasah (13th century, Seljuk)

14. 14 Divrigi Mosque and Hospital (Anatolian Seljuks – 14th century)

15. Ottoman Educational System  Establishment Period (1299-1453)  Classical Ottoman Madrasahs (1453-1839)  Reform in Ottoman Educational System (end of 18th century-1923)

16. Educational System in Ottoman Establishment Period  Main institution is Madrasah as a civil initiative  Sibyan mektebi  Enderun  Anatolian Madrasahs from Seljuki period was used  New madrasahs were opened  Gradual development in learned hierarchy, e.g. Establishment of Kadiasker and Seyhulislam post

17. CLASSICAL OTTOMAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

18.  Ranking system between the madrasahs in accordance with the salaries of Mudarrises, i.e. Classification of Madrasahs  Learned hierarchy is strictly constructed  Teaching of both religious sciences and natural sciences  Learned hierarchy was not only consisted of Mudarrises but also executive and ruling body of the state such as qadis and seyhulislams. i.e. Incorporation of Ulema into Administration

19. 19 Ottoman Classical Period Madrasah Courtyard Rooms around the courtyard Main Classroom = Aywan Fountain Main Entrence

20. FATIH KULLIYE (Complex ) (est. 1470)

21. FATIH KULLIYE 1. Mosque 2, 3. Tombs 4. Hospital (Darussifa) 5. County house (Tabhane) 6. Kerwansarai 7, 8, 9 and10. Akdeniz Madrasahs 11,12, 13 and 14. Akdeniz Tetimmes 15, 16, 17 and18. Karadeniz Madrasahs 19, 20, 21 and 22. Karadeniz Tetimmes 23. School for Children (Sibyan Mektebi) 24. Library

22. 22 Süleymaniye Külliyesi (16th Century – Istanbul )

23. Ottoman LearnedHierarchy  Basic Components of Learned Hierarchy  Şeyhulislam  Kadiasker  Kadi  Muderris  Muid  Talebe  Other officials in Madrasahs (Mutevelli, Noktaci, Bevvab etc.)

24. Muderris Fatih Vakufname:  Had to be one “who deserved to be the chief mudarris who has a remarkable knowledge on rational and traditional sciences, who has an efficient capacity of teaching and who dedicates himself to learning and teaching of beneficial sciences”

25. How to become a muderris?  Were in accordance with Fatih Codex which regulates the ranking system among the madrasahs  Some exceptions with the order of Sultan  Examinations between the candidates 50 Akca Madrasahs (SAHN Madrasahs) 50 Akca Madrasahs (Dahil Madrasahs) 50 Akca Madrasahs (Haric Madrasahs ) 40 Akca Madrasahs 30 Akca Madrasahs - Miftah 20 Akca Madrasahs – Haşiye-i Tecrid

26. OTTOMAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Sıbyan Mektebi  Madrasahs  Suleymaniye Madrasahs - Müderris  Madrasahs from 20 akca till Suleymaniye - Kadı  Kadiluks from 20 akca till Istanbul kadiluk - Passing from one rank to the other is possible Kadiasker  Seyhulislam  Vezir

27. CURRICULUM and TEACHING  Since all the madrasahs were in a ranking system, they can be considered as a part of a main educational policy.  Traditional methods in Islamic education.  Days off were Tuesday and Friday till 15th century. Fests and Ramadan is also school holiday.  Students were forming a circle around the teachers  Classes were consisted of explanation of the subject by teacher and mutual discussions.  After the class assistans (muids) were repeating the class and replying the questions of the students.  Curriculum: mostly religious education: islamic law, exegesis, islamic theology, hadith and methodology of these studies etc.  Probably some natural sciences such as math, astronomy in order to contribute their religious education.

28. 28 Madrasahs and State - The aims of opening madrasahs - Structure of learned hierarchy - Relationships between the governors and the teachers.

29. The place of Natural Sciences in Madrasahs  What are the natural sciences:  Ulum-u Evail  Translation of the Greek works from 9th century  Math and astronomy education in the madrasahs  Gradual reduction of natural sciences in Curricula  To some this is the reason behind the corruption in the madrasahs

30. Corruption in Ottoman Educational System  As a part of general corruption in the state  In state level: financial and economic problems.  In organizational level: corruption in madrasah system, increase of the student numbers  In individual level: appointment of incapable mudarrises, development of a learned class, bribery etc.

31. REFORM IN OTTOMAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM  Introduction of New Educational Institutions  Muhendishane-i Bahr-i Humayun (Marine Engineer School) 1773 (Selim III 1789-1807)  Muhendishane-i Berr-i Humayun (Land Engineer School) 1789  Tıphane-i Amire 1827 (Mahmud II 1808-1839)  Mekteb-i Harbiye (Military Medicine School) 1834

32. Selim III Mahmud II

33.  Sending the students to western countries  Compulsory primary education - 1824  Rusdiyyes – 1848 Higher School (military oriented)  Darulmuallimin – 1848 (Teacher school)  Rusdiyyes for female students – 1859  Galatasaray Sultani – 1868 (Secondary School before University)  Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi 1869 (Regulation of General Education)  Idadiyye – 1872 Lyceum  Mekteb-i İ btidai – 1891 (primary school)

42. DUALITY BETWEEN MADRASAH AND MAKTAB  Ministry of Education  modern maktabs  Mesihat  Madrasahs

43. Key concept Transition from religious education  religion as a subject in curricula

44. DARU’L-FUNUN  First attempts : 1848, 1860, 1870  1900- establishment of Darulfunun  Literature  Math and natural sciences  Theology (Ulum-u Aliye-i Diniyye) 1933- University Reform

46.  1914 – Daru’l-Hilafeti’l-Aliyye Madrasahs  Higher Religious Education in Darulfunun is closed  Reorganization of Madrasahs under Darul-Hilafetil-Aliyye Madrasahs (Istanbul)

47. After the Proclamation of Republic (1923)  1924 – Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu (The Law on Unification of Education)  All educational institutions reorganized under the Ministry of Education  Opening of a Faculty of Theology in Istanbul University (1924-1933)  By University Reform in 1933 the Faculty has been closed  Opening of Imam Hatip Schools  Final Result:  Abolishment of Madrasahs

48. CONTEMPORARY SITUATION IN TURKEY

50. Contemporary Situation in Turkey  Religious Education in Schools  Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi Dersi (Religious Culture and Knowledge of Moral Class from 4th grade till 11th grade)  Religious Schools  Imam Hatip Schools  Higher Religious Education  Faculties of Theology in Universities

51. Religious Education in Turkey Formal educationPrimary SchoolsSecondary SchoolsImam - Hatip SchoolsHigher InstitutionsNon-formal educationKoran Courses Summer Koran Courses Informal education Family, surroundings, mass media By Ministry of National Education By Council of Higher Education By Presidency of Religious Affairs By Presidency of Religious Affairs and monitored by Ministry of National Education

52. Graduates of Faculties of Theology  Imam-Hatips, Muftis in Diyanet (Presidency of Religious Affairs)  Officials in Diyanet  Teachers in Koran Courses  Religious Teachers in the Schools (with extra pedagogical education)