1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Ch. 8, Section 1: Royal Power in the High Middle Ages

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states? Essential Question:

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People William the Conqueror – the Duke of Normandy, who raised an army and won the English throne in 1066 common law – a legal system based on custom and court rulings jury – in medieval England, a group of people that decided which cases should be brought to trial; the ancestor of today’s grand jury King John – king of England who signed the Magna Carta

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Magna Carta – a charter asserting the rights of nobles, and that the monarch must obey the law due process of law – requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with rules habeas corpus – the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime Parliament – a council of lords and clergy that later evolved into England’s legislature Louis IX – became king of France in 1226 and led French knights in two Crusades Terms and People (continued)

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Three different factions had power during the early Middle Ages: They clashed repeatedly, trying to increase their power. **Who had the most power in the early years of the Middle Ages? The Church Nobles Monarchs

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Between 1000 and 1300 (High Middle Ages), monarchs used several methods to increase their power: They set up systems of royal justice. They developed tax systems. They built standing armies. They strengthened ties with the middle class.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. King Edward of England died in 1066 without an heir. His brother-in-law Harold and William, Duke of Normandy, both claimed the throne. William the Conqueror sailed with an army from France to England and defeated Harold in the Battle of Hastings. The Norman Conquest led to a blending of Norman French and Anglo- Saxon cultures.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. King Edward and brother- in-law Harold were Germanic Anglo-Saxon rulers in England William the Conqueror was a Norman (Viking) ruler in France who had the backing of the Pope William invaded England and took over rule in England in 1066, in the Battle of Hastings.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. William the Conqueror o In 1086, William held a census in England, documenting every building and land, therefore creating a data base in which he and future rulers used for taxation. o This data base was called the Domesday Book.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Henry II inherited the throne in 1154. He broadened the system of royal justice. o He sent out royal justices to enforce the same laws over all of England. o The decisions of royal courts became the basis of English common law (a legal system based on custom and court rulings). o In time, royal courts replaced those of nobles or the Church. Henry II (was known for being energetic and well educated)

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Under Henry II, England also developed a jury (a group of people that decided which cases should be brought to trial) system. o This was the origin of today’s grand jury system. o Later, another type of jury evolved. Twelve neighbors of an accused person decided on the person’s innocence or guilt, origin of today’s trial jury.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A dispute arose between Henry and the Church. Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts. Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, opposed him. “What cowards I have brought up in my court. Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest?” —Henry II Becket was killed by Henry’s knights in 1170. Henry & Thomas used to be friends

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Later English kings continued to clash with nobles and the Church. King John, the son of Henry II, o was known to be clever, cruel, and untrustworthy. o battled with Pope Innocent III, who excommunicated King John and then placed all of England under the interdict. o Barons, angry about taxes, forced King John to sign the Magna Carta (a charter asserting the rights of nobles, and that the monarch must obey the law).

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. o Provisions in the Magna Carta formed the basis for both due process of law (requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with the law) and the right of habeus corpus (the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime). MAGNA CARTA

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Parliament o The King also agreed not to raise new taxes without consulting a Great Council of lords and clergy. o The Great Council evolved into Parliament (a council of lords and clergy that later evolved into England’s legislature) in the 1200s. o In time, Parliament was made up of two houses: o a House of Lords, made up of nobles and clergy, and a o House of Commons, made up of knights and middle- class citizens.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. All of these changes meant that the power of English kings was slowly being limited. For example, King Edward I asked Parliament to approve money for war in 1295. “What touches all should be approved by all.” —King Edward I

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. Nobles elected Hugh Capet to the throne in 987. The Capetian dynasty lasted 300 years. Meanwhile, in France…

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. He gained control of Normandy and began to take over southern France before he died in 1223. Rather than appointing nobles, Philip Augustus paid middle-class people to fill government positions. French power grew under Philip Augustus, who became king in 1179. King Philip II of France

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Louis IX became king of France in 1226. He persecuted non-Christians and led two Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land. He greatly improved royal government, expanding the courts and outlawing private wars. Louis IX of France

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. To gain support from the French, he set up the Estates General, a body of representatives from all three classes of society, in 1302. Unlike the English Parliament, the Estates General did not have power over taxation. The monarch remained supreme. Louis’ grandson Philip IV extended royal power and clashed with the pope. “God has set popes over kings and kingdoms.” —Pope Boniface VIII

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states? Medieval monarchs struggled to exert their authority over nobles and the Church. As they did so, these kings laid the foundation for European nation-states.