1. Bellwork How did towns adversely affect the feudal system?

2. World History Section 4, Unit 7 Middle Ages pt. 2 England and France Develop

3. Objectives Identify how early developments throughout Europe affected both England and France Identify how common law and various legal rights developed during this time period Examine the democratic traditions that formed in England and France during this period of time.

4. Britain By the early 800s, small Anglo- Saxon (people who inhabited Britain) kingdoms covered the former Roman province of Britain. In Europe, the decline of the Carolingian Empire left many feudal states controlled by local lords. Gradually, however, the rise of burghers, growth of towns, and the decline of the feudal system led to changing in government and the development of new nations.

5. Britain For centuries, invaders from various regions of Europe landed on English shores. Some stayed, bringing various cultures with them and changing English culture. The term “Britain” describes England, Wales, and Scotland.

6. Britain In the 800s, Britain was attacked by various Vikings, who were extremely fearsome. However, Alfred the Great, king from 871 to 899, managed to turn them back. Gradually, he and his successors united the kingdom as England.

7. Britain Keep in mind, Britain (also known as Great Britain) describes the whole of the British isles, England is a single territory of Britain. The term “England” means “land of the Angles”. – The Angles were a group of Germanic tribes that had invaded Britain.

8. Britain In 1016, the Danish king Canute conquered England, molding Anglo-Saxons and Vikings into one people. In 1042, King Edward the Confessor–a descendant of Alfred the Great– took the throne. When Edward died in 1066 without an heir, a great struggle for the throne erupted.

9. William the Conqueror William, duke of Normandy, invaded England and became known as William the Conqueror. Normandy was a region in the north of France that was controlled by the Vikings. The Normans were descended from the Vikings, but they spoke French.

10. William the Conqueror As King Edward’s cousin, William claimed the English crown and invaded England with a Norman army. William’s rival was Harold Godwinson, an Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne.

11. Battle of Hastings On October 14, 1066, the Normans and the Saxons’ fought in the Battle of Hastings. After Harold was killed by an arrow to the eye, the Normans won.

12. Victory After his victory, William declared all of England his property. The English lords who supported Harold lost their lands while William granted fiefs to about 200 Norman lords who swore their loyalty to him. – In this, William laid the foundation of centralized government.

13. Changing times William’s descendants owned land in both Normandy and England. The English King Henry II- who came to power around 100 years later- added to these by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine who controlled more lands in France. What England controls

14. Changing times The English kings had two goals: 1.They wanted to hold and add on to their French lands 2.They wanted to strengthen their own power of the nobles and the Church

15. Expansion of Territory Eleanor and Henry had two sons– Richard the Lion Hearted and John. – Richard would later lead the Third Crusades. The marriage between these two brought Henry a large territory in France called Aquitaine and Henry added Aquitaine to the lands in Normandy he already controlled.

16. Expansion of Territory Because Henry held lands in France, he was a vassal to the French king--- while also being a king in his own right. Question: What was a vassal and a fief?

17. Common Law Henry ruled England from 1154 to 1189. He strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year. They collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished crimes.

18. Common Law Henry also introduced the use of the jury in English courts. Jury trials became a popular means of solving disputes– however, only the king’s courts were allowed to conduct jury trials.

19. Common Law Over the centuries, case by case, the rulings in the royal courts formed a unified body of law that became known as common law. Today, common law is the basis for the laws of many English-speaking countries, including the United States.

20. The Magna Carta Henry was succeeded first by his son Richard the Lion-Hearted, who was the hero of the Third Crusade. When Richard died, his brother John took the throne. John was an ineffective leader.

21. Evaluating John Please watch the video and evaluate what kind of person John was. video

22. King John King John was a very controversial leader. While praised for being “intelligent”, he was often judged harshly for several personality flaws including: 1.Envying his elder brother, Richard, who was a war hero. 2.Pining for the crown while Richard was off in the Crusades 3.Greed

23. The Magna Carta John ruled from 1199 to 1216. He was a failed military leader, earning the name, “John Softsword”. John lost all his lands in northern France, including Normandy. At the same time, John also abused his powers.

24. The Magna Carta John was mean to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of them– especially the nobles. John raised taxes to an all-time high to finance his wars. His nobles revolted. Magna Carta

25. The Magna Carta On June 15, 1215, the nobles forced John to agree to one of the most celebrated documents in English history– the Magna Carta. This document was drawn up by English nobles and reluctantly approved by King John. It guaranteed certain political rights, such as safeguarding their own feudal rights and limiting the king’s powers.

26. The Magna Carta However, the original Magna Carta only protected the nobles. Within a few years, however, the English people of all classes argued that certain clauses in the Magna Carta applied to them such as: 1.No taxation without representation 2.Jury trial 3.Equal protection of laws Question: Do these rights sound familiar?

27. The Magna Carta The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now basic civil rights. Much of the rights that U.S. citizens have today are based in the Magna Carta. King John signing the Magna Carta

28. Parliament Another important step towards an improved government came about 90 years after the Magna Carta In 1295, King Edward I was struggling to hold onto his last remaining French lands. To do so, he needed to raise taxes for a war against the French.

29. Parliament In that year, Edward summoned two burgesses (citizens of wealth) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as parliament, or legislative group. Later in 1295, these members met again at Westminster in London.

30. Parliament This group was called the Model Parliament because it’s new makeup (commoners and lords) served as a model for kings. Over the next century, the king called the knights and burgesses whenever a new tax was needed.

31. Parliament In Parliament, the kings and burgesses formed the House of Commons. Nobles and bishops formed the House of Lords. Under Edward I, Parliament was a tool that weakened the great lords, but overtime became strong. – Like the Magna Carta, it provided a check on royal power.

32. France While England was experiencing a change in their government, France was dealing with it’s own issues. Much like the English kings, French kings looked for ways to increase their power.

33. France After the breakup of Charlemagne’s empire, French counts and dukes ruled their lands independently under the feudal system. By 1000, France was divided into about 30 feudal territories.

34. France By 987, the last member of the Carolingian dynasty died. Hugh Capet, a duke from the middle of France, succeeded to the throne. The Capet family ruled over a small territory, but it controlled Paris. – Hugh Capet began the Capetian Dynasty of French kings that ruled from 987 to 1328.

35. Capetians Hugh Capet, his son, and grandson were all weak rulers, but time favored their family. Their territory sat near important trade routes in northern France. For 200 years, the Capetian kings tightened their grip on this strategic area and, soon, the power of the king spread outward from Paris. – This power would soon unite France.

36. Philip II One of the most powerful Capetians was Philip II. As a child, he saw his father lose land to King Henry II. When Philip became king- at the age of 15- he set out to weaken the power of English kings in France.

37. Philip II Philip had little success against Henry II or Richard the Lion-Hearted. However, when King John seized the throne, Philip took territory from John. By the end of his reign, he had tripled the lands under his direct control. Question: Who came to power after Richard? Do you think this new king was able to stop Philip?

38. Philip II Everything in red is the land holdings of the English in France. As you can see, after Philip II, France gained the majority of their nation back.

39. Philip II Aside from expanding his territory, Philip also wanted a stronger central government. He established royal officials called bailiffs who were sent out to every district in the kingdom to preside over the king’s courts and collect taxes.

40. Louis IX France’s central government was made even stronger during the reign of Philip’s grandson, Louis IX, who ruled from 1226 to 1270. Louis created the French appeals court, which could overturn decisions of local courts upon appeal. These courts strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties.

41. Philip IV In 1302, Philip IV of France was involved with a quarrel with the pope. The pope refused to allow priests to pay taxes to the king, which Philip disputed, arguing that the church has no right to handle affairs in his kingdom.

42. Third-Estate As in England, the French king called a meeting of his lords and bishops when he needed them. However, to win the support against the pope, Philip decided to include commoners in the meetings.

43. Third Estate In France, church officials were the First Estate and nobles were the Second Estate. The commoners that Philip invited became the Third Estates– they represented the common peoples. All together, the estates became known as the Estates-General.

44. Estates-General Like the early Parliament, the Estates-General helped to increase royal power against the nobility. Unlike Parliament, however, the Estates- General never became an independent force against the king. In later centuries, it would be the Third- Estates who would overthrow the French monarchy.

45. Developments in England and France EnglandFrance William, duke of Normandy, invades England in 1066 Hugh Capet establishes the Capetian Dynasty Henry II introduces the use of jury in English Courts Philip II increases the territory in France Under pressure from the nobles, King John agrees to the Magna Carta Louis IX strengthens France’s central government Edward I calls on ParliamentPhilip IV adds the Third Estate to the Estates-General

46. Growth is Stagnated After the great achievements of England and France, the 14 th century of Europe would prove to be a turning point in history. Religious disputes, plague, and war would all threaten the fragile achievements made throughout Europe.

47. Review Objectives Identify how early developments throughout Europe affected both England and France Identify how common law and various legal rights developed during this time period Examine the democratic traditions that formed in England and France during this period of time. – Estates-General v. Parliament – Magna Carta and royal power

48. Questions If you have any questions, please ask now.

49. Next Lesson In the next lesson, we are going to analyze the turmoil of Europe between 1200-1400.

50. Review 1.How did King John’s personality and leadership lead to the creation of the Magna Carta? 2.How did England gain more land in the northern territories of France? 3.How did King Henry II change the judicial system of England during his rule? 4.How does the Magna Carta relate to many of the rights American citizens have today? 5.Why did Philip IV create the Third Estate and what affect would the Third Estate have on France in later centuries? 6.Why were the Capetians able to come to power, despite having several weak rulers? 7.What did both Parliament and the Magna Carta do to royal power in England?