1. CAREERS GUIDANCE RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM Wednesday 16 th March 2016 Edinburgh Napier University School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences Sighthill Campus Edinburgh EH11 4BN

2.  Introduction and background (history of Scotland in 2 minutes)  Economic (TTWAs ) v policy (areas)  Pipelines and training  Maps and regional geographies  Questions  Conclusions

3.  Careers: training provision and labour market – both sides of markets  People travel to train and to work (travel-to-work- areas vary by occupation, sector, gendered, etc.)  Employers and training providers recruit from ‘search’ areas  Different groups describe different geographies  Different funders involved in different programmes over different geographies  Theory/policy or administrative definitions used? (and so PC lottery, NIMBYism, local accountability, LMI {info and intelligence}, etc.)

4.  Complex and complicated  Many players  Competing and conflicting agendas  Different geographies  Speaking about the same thing in the same language?  Changed?

5.  150+ years – basis of heavy industries  Housing decongestion – within urban areas, NTs, peripheral estates  Deindustrialisation and dispersion All change  Feminisation/non-TUs/hollowing out/casualization and contractualization  FE/HE/MAs restructuring  Local, regional and commuting LM and training markets

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10. Early engagement Barrier removal VolunteeringJob matching Sustained employment

11. Still applicable in flexible LMs? Work in a traditional LM?  Devolved powers?  Players?

12.  Stress on partnership, joined-up implementation and local ownership, greater share of investment in engaging and supporting clients, greater investment in hardest to help, developing soft skills, joining up with local services, sustaining progression/aftercare  ‘Employability’ becomes embedded into many layers and institutions but stress on supply side. Employers remain disengaged.  Appropriate geographies to design and deliver employment and training policies?

15. Implications of LMI geographies the young people surveyed do not consider all of the available training and employment opportunities. Therefore, they restrict their options and chances of employment by discounting training and employment openings in areas that are accessible, yet unfamiliar. Some respondents reported that they were unwilling to travel to training centres beyond their immediate local area if there were insufficient of their mates to go with. For those young people without their own transport, a reliance on lifts means that there is a structural tendency to follow existing concentrations of where family, friends and neighbours work Young People, Job Search and Local Labour Markets: The Example of Belfast Anne Green, Ian Shuttleworth and Stuart Lavery, Urban Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2, 301–324, February 2005

16.  functional economic market areas (FEMAs) should be the basis for definitions of such areas and for city-regions and LEPs, specifically - further suggesting that Travel-to-Work-Areas (TTWAs) be used as the definition for these FEMAs (DCLG, 2010)  approximates cities using TTWAs which alternatively refers to as ‘urban areas’ and ‘local economies’ (Nathan, 2011, footnote 1, p.3).  we have used data from Travel-to work Areas ( TTWAs ) to approximate that boundary [ of a city region ]. (Parkinson et al., 2006, para. 4.2.2)

17.  ‘ individual-level data to local authority-level averages, and then aggregate[s] these to TTWA- level using postcode shares. Local Authority District (LAD) boundaries are not congruent with TTWA boundaries, so straightforward aggregation is not possible’ (see Nathan, 2011, footnote 4, p9).  City-Regions are the enlarged territories from which core urban areas draw people for work and services such as shopping, education, health, leisure and entertainment. The City-Region is a functional entity within which business and services operate. City-regional economies play a strong role in driving forward the economies of their regions. (DCLG, 2007).

18.  The city-regional scale reflects the ‘ geography of everyday life ’ rather than administrative boundaries and presents us with opportunities to develop policy that reflect and support the functioning of that City-Region. (DCLG, 2007).  The main advantage of using TTWAs is that they are constructed on a consistent basis according to two main economic criteria. The first is that at least 75 per cent, of the resident economically active population actually work in the area. Second, of everyone working in the area, at least 75 per cent actually live in the area. They capture a significant proportion of both local economic activities and the residential areas in which the employees of those activities live. Therefore to capture economic performance of the wider City-Region, we use this larger TTWA level, which is one step higher up in our typology, than the Primary Urban Areas which we typically use in other sections of this report. (Parkinson et al., 2006, para. 4.2.3)

19.  Much of the latest urban and regional policy thinking calls for policy action at the ‘functional economic area’ (FEA) scale and yet there is no established way to identify these economic ‘places’ in practice. FEAs aren’t unidimensional – they’re not reducible to labour market areas, for example – so the key challenge is drawing on more than one type of information when defining them. CURDS, nd, http://www.ncl.ac.uk/curds/research/defining / http://www.ncl.ac.uk/curds/research/defining /

20.  No matter how accurate the commuting data or how powerful the computer system into which it is fed, the problems of delimiting the boundaries of the local labour market are insoluble. The task is futile because it amounts to trying to draw a line around complex and dynamic social processes. (Peck, 2006)  there are no uncomplicated nor unchanging means to define TTWAs uniquely or universally across occupations, gender, time etc. (Danson, 2012)

21.  FEMA City regions  TTWA (College regions?)  LAs (with add-ons) and data ~ LA based

24. http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/data/maps/lec.html

27. Eastern Scotland Angus and Dundee City Clackmannanshire and Fife East Lothian and Midlothian Scottish Borders Edinburgh, City of Falkirk Perth & Kinross and Stirling West Lothian Highlands and Islands Caithness & Sutherland and Ross & Cromarty Inverness & Nairn and Moray, Badenoch & Strathspey Lochaber, Skye & Lochalsh, Arran & Cumbrae and Argyll & Bute Eilean Siar (Western Isles) Orkney Islands Shetland Islands North Eastern Scotland Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire South Western Scotland Dumfries & Galloway East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire and Helensburgh & Lomond East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire mainland Glasgow City Inverclyde, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire North Lanarkshire South Ayrshire South Lanarkshire

28. Angus and Dundee City Angus Dundee City Clackmannanshire and Fife Clackmannanshire Fife East Lothian and Midlothian East Lothian Midlothian Scottish Borders Edinburgh, City of Falkirk Perth & Kinross and Stirling Perth & Kinross Stirling West Lothian East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire and Helensburgh & Lomond Helensburgh & Lomond West Dunbartonshire East Dunbartonshire Dumfries & Galloway East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire mainland East Ayrshire North Ayrshire mainland Glasgow City Inverclyde, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire East Renfrewshire Renfrewshire Inverclyde North Lanarkshire South Ayrshire South Lanarkshire Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire Aberdeen City Aberdeenshire Caithness & Sutherland and Ross & Cromarty Ross & Cromarty Caithness & Sutherland Inverness & Nairn and Moray, Badenoch & Strathspey Inverness & Nairn Badenoch & Strathspey West Moray North East Moray Lochaber, Skye & Lochalsh, Arran & Cumbrae and Argyll & Bute Arran & Cumbrae Argyll & Bute Islands Argyll & Bute Lochaber Skye & Lochalsh Eilean Siar (Western Isles) Orkney Islands Shetland Islands

29. city-region wide schemes for the inactive and low-skilled make less sense where their search patterns and effective opportunities are limited by costs, childcare and other considerations’ (Danson, 2012)… to be effective, regional employability schemes will often need to mitigate for such potential barriers to participation

30. College RegionProposed colleges Local authorities selected % of students in regional colleges from selected LAs % of students from selected LAs at selected regional colleges Notes Highlands & Islands Perth, Lews Castle, Orkney, Shetland, Inverness, Moray, North Highland, Argyll, and West Highland Colleges Argyll & Bute, Highland, Orkney, Shetland, Western Isles 93.375.4 North Highland College appears to cover Argyll & Bute residents Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire Aberdeen, and Banff and Buchan Colleges Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire 80.091.4 Yellow means high proportion of students from outwith area attend regional colleges ~ Glasgow and West gain most from this Yellow means high leakage of students out of region ~ Lanarkshire especially high, with Ayrshire, West and Central also high.

31. College RegionProposed colleges Local authorities selected % of students in regional colleges from selected LAs A % of students from selected LAs at selected regional colleges B A Measure of supply side self containment Yellow means high proportion of students from outwith area attend regional colleges ~ Glasgow and West gain most from this (<80% local students) B Measure of demand side self containment Yellow means high leakage of students out of region ~ Lanarkshire especially high, with Ayrshire, West and Central also high. (<80% attend locally)

32. High degree of supply and demand side self containment Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire Aberdeen, and Banff and Buchan Colleges Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire 80.091.4 Fife Fife, Adam Smith, and Carnegie Colleges, & non land-based provision at Elmwood College Fife84.6-86.083.3 Tayside Dundee & Angus Colleges Angus and Dundee83.191.7 Edinburgh & Lothians Jewel and Esk, Stevenson, Telford and possibly West Lothian Colleges Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian, West Lothian 80.3-86.182.1-82.8

33. High supply side self containment, low demand side Highlands & Islands Perth, Lews Castle, Orkney, Shetland, Inverness, Moray, North Highland, Argyll, and West Highland Colleges Argyll & Bute, Highland, Orkney, Shetland, Western Isles 93.375.4 Dumfries & Galloway Dumfries & Galloway College Dumfries & Galloway91.972.9 BordersBorders CollegeBorders87.874.1 Central Forth Valley and possibly West Lothian Clackmannanshire, Falkirk, Stirling, West Lothian 82.4-85.667.1-73.5 Ayrshire Ayr, Kilmarnock, and the Kilwinning campus of James Watt East, North and South Ayrshire 91.3-94.069.6-75.5

34. Glasgow conurbation Glasgow Anniesland, North Glasgow, Stow, John Wheatley, Cardonald, Langside, City of Glasgow Glasgow59.186.2 West Reid Kerr and Clydebank Colleges, and the Inverclyde campus of James Watt College East Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, Renfrewshire, West Dunbartonshire 54.4-62.167.3 Lanarkshire Coatbridge, Cumbernauld, Motherwell, and South Lanarkshire Colleges North and South Lanarkshire, East Dunbartonshire 85.8-89.237.5-40.2

35.  Regional geographies - focus on purpose. Policy and practice drivers demand consistent regional geographies to minimise confusion and overlap.  Reconcile local economic development, training and employment markets; Colleges, careers services, local authorities, employers and development agencies main institutional players.  Different policy aims & techniques generate different regional maps: no ‘perfect’ solution that uniquely satisfies all; pragmatism and compromise must prevail.  Shared narrative and analysis critical to underpin particular regional geography that best supports the implementation and delivery of diverse policies.  Narrative and map selected should respect and accommodate dynamic nature of the economy and labour market.  Policy geography (local government unitary authorities) or economic geography (TTWAs or FEMAs) adopted?  Common and consistent policy-based solution based on local authority areas, nested where required to reflect underlying economic geographies. Around major cities. especially porous with commuting and trainee flows across boundaries

36. Professor Mike Danson, DLitt, AcSS, FIED, FeRSA School of Management and Languages Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS Scotland +44 (0)131 451 3840 t +44 (0)7948 276398 m m.danson@hw.ac.uk http://www.sml.hw.ac.uk/staff-directory/michael-danson.htm Scottish Centre for Island Studies: http://scotcis.wordpress.com/about/ http://scotcis.wordpress.com/about/ CHECK OUT www.pemabo.net A PLACE WHERE YOU MEET COLLEAGUES WHO ARE INVOLVED IN PERIPHERAL, MARGINAL AND BORDER REGIONSwww.pemabo.net