1. IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTATION ON MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION IN NILOTIC CATTLE By: Egbal S. Abu shulukh بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم The 7 th Scientific Conference Cairo University College of Animal Production University of Bahri, Sudan 03/09/14371

2. 1. Introduction  The livestock population in Northern Upper Nile State of which cattle comprises about 1.031.507 head  The breeds reared in Malakal area comprises a mixture of Nilio Hamatic Zebu. (Medani, 1996),  the characteristic of which had been out lined by Micca (2002). Nilotic cattle are described as Semi-Zube or SANGA (Mason and Maule., 1960). 03/09/14372

3.  The previous studies showed that Nilotic cattle are poor producers particularly in terms of milk production.  the Nilotic breed is of low productivity and they attributed this to poor nutrition, disease, stresses imposed by climatic factors, and poor genetic potential. 03/09/14373

4. 1.1 Livestock in the study area:  Nilotic cattle are descendants of ancient crossbreeding between Hamatic (humpless) long horn and (humped) long horned Zebu cattle.  These cattle are mainly reared by Nilotic tribes of Southern Sudan; hence their name "Nilotic cattle" (Medani, 1996). 03/09/14374

5. 1.1.1 Breed Distribution:  The Nilotic cattle are distributed general in Southern Sudan, mainly in Upper Nile State and Bahr El-Ghazal State, their presence was also reported in Equatoria State (Payne, 1977, Medani, 1996). 03/09/14375

6. 1.1.2 Breed description:  Nilotic cattle possesses medium to large body frames, with males being larger than females.  They have long legs about 115 cm, bout Shilluk cattle have shorter legs.  The head is long, narrow and the straight or concave profile. Muzzle is dark and usually pigmented.  Horns vary both in length. The whole length of the horn could reach 150 cm especially among Dinka Bor cattle and between 30 cm 40 cm in other types. 03/09/14376

7. 1.2. Milk yield:  EL- Mahi (1979). And Mogga (1980) attributed the low milk yield in Nilotic cattle to low level’s of management and environmental factors reflected in form of feed shortage, diseases and lack of selection for high production.  The Nilotic cattle in the Southern region were reported to be least producers of (DMY) of 0.9 kg (Hassan, 1955). 03/09/14377

8. 1.2.1 Milk composition: Dinka cattle: FatProtein Lactose Ash T.s 4.43.98 4.12 1.4 13.9 Nuer Cattle FatProtein Lactose Ash T.s 4.8 3.6 4.2 2.8 15.4 03/09/1437 8

9. 2. Materials and Methods: 2.1.1. The Experimental Animals:  Twenty seven cows of the 30 cows in experiment were divided into three equal groups (9 in each).Treatment of animals before starting the experiment. 1.The test for Brocllusoes was negative. 2.Internal and external parasite treatment were practiced. 3.The experimental animals were given 7 to 10 days for adaptation period. 03/09/14379

10. 2.1.2 Feeding: The three groups were allowed to graze green forages in an open range for about 7 – 8 hours during the day, water were available all the time. 2.1.3 Concentrate feeding:  All the treated cows after parturition were offered Kenana Natural animal feed (table 1), adlib to determine the actual consumption.  Group one was given 4 kg/day in 2 ration morning and evening during milking.  Group two was given 5 kg/day. Group 3 was control. 03/09/143710

11. GrassT. SProteinFiberAshCa`pFat Kennan93.7712.4548.508.8922.5.99 Echinochloy Stagnine (Apajo) 99.936.3548.508.892.53.75 Chloris gayan, Kunth (Roddes) 96.699.6646.6810.1922.73 Sorghum bicolor (Abu 70) 99.9712.7241.473622.74 Starter99.524.817.79.90.20.83.24 Table (1) Approximant analysis of the feed 03/09/143711

12. 2.1.4 Milking procedure:  Hand milking was practiced morning and evening during feeding the supplement ration.  Natural Suckling was practiced and alteration with milking. 03/09/143712

13. 2.1.5 Milk analysis:  Samples of milk from each group were taken at different stages of the lactation (three samples from each group) as follows:  During early lactation.  During mid lactation.  -During late lactation.  The samples were cooled and transferred to the laboratory for analysis by two ways chemical and by eco-milk scan. 03/09/143713

14. 2.1.6 Parameters recorded:  The milk yield in the morning and evening milking was recorded throughout the whole lactation.  Fat, protein, lactose, total solid, Ash and acidity for each group. 03/09/143714

15. Results : Table (2): Effect of supplementation at late pregnancy and during lactation on milk yield (lit) Mean + S. E Means bearing the same superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 level of significant (P < 0.05). T3 Control T2T1 Stage of lactation 59.67 + 18.05 b 159.23 + 1805 a 161.62 + 18.05 a 60 days 126.95 + 10.42Overall mean 110.29 + 29.19 b 272.43 + 29.19 a 265.28 + 29.19 a 90 days 216.00 + 16.85Overall mean 160.011 + 38.5 b 368 + 38.51 a 364.93 + 38.51 a 120 days 297.72 + 22.21Overall mean 324.27+ 127.90 b 860.23 + 127.90 a 839.75 + 127.90 a 4\ Total yield per lactation 674.75 + 73.84Overall mean 03/09/143715

16. 3.1.6 effect of supplementation on milk composition: Total solids Table (4) Effect of supplementation and stages: of lactation General mean of total solid (%) Means bearing the same superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 level of significant (P > 0.05). T3 % T2 %T1 % Stage of lactation 10.69 + 2.33 a 9.74 + 2.33 a 9.05 + 2.86 a 11.20 + 2.33 a 11.74 + 2.33 a 11.52 + 2.85 a 11.62 + 2.33 a. 12.75 + 2.33 a 9.93 + 2.86 a Early Mid Late 10.91 +.84 Overall mean 03/09/143716

17. Table (5) General mean and overall mean of protein: Mean + S. E (%) T3 %T2 %T1 % Stage of lactation 4.68 + 1.87 a 3.43 +.87 a 3.42 + 1.07 a 3.44 +.87 a 3.37 +.87 a 2.81 + 1.07 a 4.21 +.870 a 3.85 +.870 a 2.56 + 1.07 a Early Mid Late 3.53 +.31Overall mean Means bearing the same superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 level of significant (P > 0.05). 03/09/143717

18. Table (6) General means and overall mean of fat Mean + S. E (%) T3 %T2 %T1 % Stage of lactation 3.16 +.79a 3.52 +.79a 3.28 +.97a 3.59 +.79a 4.33 +.79a 4.85 +.79a 4.09 +.79a 5.19 +.79a 2.97 +.79a Early Mid Late 3.89 +.29 Overall mean Means bearing the same superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 level of significant (P > 0.05). 03/09/143718

19. Table (7) General means and overall mean of lactose Mean + S. E (%) T3 %T2 %T1 % Stage of lactation 3.86 +.44a 3.64 +.44a 4.96 +.54a 4.07 +.44a 4.02 +.44a 3.93 +.54a 4.00 +.44a 4.03 +.44a 4.46 + 54a Early Mid Late 3.53 +.31Overall mean Means bearing the same superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 level of significant (P > 0.05). 03/09/143719

20. Conclusions & Recommendations:  The results of the study showed that the productive of Nilotic cattle in Malakal area were very low compared to those cattle of Sudan (Kenana and Butana) especially in milk yield.  In this project disease control, feed supplementation and good housing did not improve production to levels produced by Kenana or Butana cattle. 03/09/143720

21. Conclusions & Recommendations: Cont.  The amount of milk produced per day is comparable only to that of good dairy goats in Northern Sudan. This is attributed to low genetic potential of Nilotic cattle in this area and the method of animal husbandry, management.  Using Kenana and Butana cattle as an initial stage so as to improve the production potential of the Nilotic cattle and their conformation. 03/09/143721

22. Nilotic cattle A typical cow owned by Nuer tribe 03/09/143722 A typical cow owned by Dinka tribe

23. Nilotic cattle 03/09/143723 A typical cow owned by Morly tribe A typical cow owned by Shulk tribe

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