1. Applying Australian laws to seize illegally harvested logs from Indonesia A case study in transnational environmental law enforcement cooperation

2. Outline Transnational organised crimeTransnational organised crime Environmental crime linkagesEnvironmental crime linkages Logging case studyLogging case study Transnational enforcementTransnational enforcement

3. Transnational Organised Crime TreatiesTreaties –1988 Vienna Drug Trafficking –1974-2004 Counter-Terrorism –2000 Transnational Organised Crime & Protocols –2003 Corruption UN InstitutionsUN Institutions –UNODC –Crime Comm & Congress –UNICRI

4. Transnational environmental harms PollutionPollution Water pollutionWater pollution Air pollutionAir pollution Carbon accountingCarbon accounting Waste product shipmentWaste product shipment Hazardous risk generationHazardous risk generation Habitat destructionHabitat destruction BiodiversityBiodiversity WildlifeWildlife LoggingLogging FishingFishing Genetic resourcesGenetic resources GMOsGMOs Bio-contaminationBio-contamination

5. Environmental crimes Breach of standardsBreach of standards –National environmental laws Contrast: licit environmental harmContrast: licit environmental harm

6. MEA breach – illegal but not a crime ComplianceCompliance Report, monitor, audit, self-regulateReport, monitor, audit, self-regulate EnforcementEnforcement Compliance planningCompliance planning Administrative ordersAdministrative orders Criminal prosecutionCriminal prosecution Criminal and civil offencesCriminal and civil offences

7. Transnational environmental crime – Definition Breach of environmental lawBreach of environmental law Domestic environmental lawDomestic environmental law Activity across borderActivity across border Goods, organisation, transactionsGoods, organisation, transactions Contrast: international crimeContrast: international crime –Breach of international law e.g. war crimee.g. war crime

8. Transnational crime fighting tools New law enforcement tools to combat TOC Against corruption Against crime groups Against obstruction of justice Against money laundering Mutual assistance Cooperation

9. Transnational organised crime - Environmental linkages Environmental crime $22-33 bn p.a. (2000)Environmental crime $22-33 bn p.a. (2000) Illegal logging $15 bn p.a. (2005)Illegal logging $15 bn p.a. (2005) 10% of $150bn licit market10% of $150bn licit market Criminal actorsCriminal actors –Transnational corporations –Criminal organisations –Ad hoc operators

10. Illegal logging in Indonesia 60%-88% illegal 1/3 forests Merbau, ramin, mahogany 20% global ghg emissions

11. Australia imports wood $4 billion p.a. 9% illegal ($400m)

12. Australian-Indonesian Timber Nexus Case scenario: Imported wood based products

13. Indonesia - criminalisation of illegal logging Serious crime Decentralisation, corruption

14. Australia- criminalisation of illegal logging Minor offences Federated, disparate

15. Comparison - illegal logging offences Not prosecuted in Indonesia Non-indictable in Australia

16. Dual criminalisation of transnational organised crime? Transnational – Malaysian exports Organised – corporate structure Criminal – laundering, corruption, obstruction of justice, participation

17. Australian legal action to help combat timber crime in Indonesia? Legal cooperation - intelligence sharing - evidence gathering - asset tracing - proceeds forfeiture - arrests - prosecutions

18. Indonesia – criminalisation of laundering money PPATK – Not corrupt but cannot prosecute

19. Australia – criminalisation of laundering money Predicate offence – illegal logging, theft, bribery, smuggling

20. Australian case analysis Money laundering offences – –Criminal Code 1. 1.Prima facie case 2. 2.Proof beyond reasonable doubt Civil confiscation regimes – –Proceeds of Crime Act 1. 1.Belief of predicate offence 2. 2.Proof on probability

21. Legal risks Standards for legitimate sourcing?Standards for legitimate sourcing? –Certification schemes? –Global norms? –Reliability? Standards for proofStandards for proof –Identification techniques –Prosecution’s burden –Importer’s burden

22. Implications and conclusions Globalisation:  Environmental harms & Environmental protections Environmental protections  Illegal activity &  Illegal activity & Law enforcement Law enforcement

23. Am I a ‘fence’? Shameless Promotions : Following the Proceeds of Crime : Forests, Fish and Filthy Lucre 22-23 February Wollongong

24. Thank You grose@uow.edu.au