1. Plantation Forestry: A Global Look

2. Forest Area: 3,952,025,000 ha Woodland Area: 1,375,829,000 ha

7. 620,138,943 m 3 wood (USDA 2008) Annual World Wood Removal 3.1 billion cubic meters = + + +

8. Total Wood Removal 2005: 3.1 billion cubic meters

11. RankCountryProductiveProtectiveTotalPercent Plantation million ha 1China28.52.831.415.9% 2USA17.10.017.15.6% 3Russian Federation11.95.117.02.1% 4Brazil5.40.05.41.1% 5Sudan4.70.75.48.0% 6Indonesia3.40.03.43.8% 7Chile2.70.02.716.5% 8Thailand2.01.13.121.3% 9France2.00.02.012.7% 10Turkey1.90.62.524.9%

13. The Gorilla in the Room

15. Let’s Do The Math Current World Population: 6,785,564,850 Forest/Woodland Area (ha): 5,327,854,000 Forest/Woodland per Person

16. Role of Plantations: Benefits Plantations are < 4% of land base, but supply 35% of global roundwood Increased productivity over natural forests –e.g., loblolly pine (400% increase) Natural Stand: 42 tons per acre Intensively Managed Plantation: 210 tons per acre Restoration of Degraded Lands

19. Copper Basin Tennessee Restoration of Degraded Lands

20. Role of Plantations: Potential Tradeoffs Biodiversity Environmental Services Impact on Local Communities Nutrient Depletion Monocultures of Exotics

25. How can silviculture enhance productivity to such a degree?

26. Tree Species Physiologically suited to establishing on exposed sites and growing in competition Examples –Pinus spp. (e.g., loblolly pine, radiata pine) –Eucalyptus spp. –Acacia spp. –Populus spp. (cottonwood, aspen, improved hybrids) –Douglas-fir –Norway spruce –Black locust

27. Tree Planting and Density Management Seed, seedling, or vegetative propagation Initial plantation spacing controls stand development and growth rates Thinning can be used to alter growing space utilization during rotation

28. Genetic Improvement Seed, Seedling, or Vegetative Propagation Traditional breeding programs –“Natural” selection –Improved seed orchards Hybrids and Clones –Pitch x loblolly pine hybrid –Hybrid poplar (cottonwood x Black Poplar) Biotechnology and clonal forestry

29. Loblolly Pine Improvement Program Open pollinated –$45 to $70 per 1000 seedlings Mass controlled pollinated –$140 to $230 per 1000 seedlings Varietal –Produced through embryogenesis –$400 per 1000 seedlings

30. FlexStand System

31. Site Preparation

32. Competition Control

33. Fertilization

34. Loblolly Pine

35. Fundamental dissimilarities between naturally regenerating stands and plantations Diversity in plant species composition Configuration of vertical layers and horizontal patterns of vegetation –Differences in branching patterns and lower uniformity in within-stand tree height contribute to greater diversity in older natural stands

36. 14 Year Old Loblolly Pine Plantation – 9 ft x 9ft Spacing

38. Habitat quality of any given plantation (any forest stand) is defined by: –Within-stand characteristics –Adjacent land-uses –Alternative land-use –Cumulative landscape-scale and regional-scale land-use patterns

39. Plantation Establishment, Past, and Alternative Land-Use Scenarios Pine plantation replacing a mature stand of mixed pine-hardwoods Pine plantation establishment on highly erodible cropland Mature stand of mixed pine-hardwoods replaced by: –Pine plantation –A housing development or Walmart

41. Reading: M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. Management considerations –Harvest –Species composition –Site-preparation –Tending

42. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. Harvest Considerations –Retain legacy trees Dispersed individuals Aggregated clumps Linear strips Riparian buffer strips –Size/shape –Regeneration type Incorporate irregular shelterwood or selection systems –Lengthen rotations

43. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. Species composition –Favor natives over exotics –Spatially and temporally juxtapose exotic and native stands –Maintain genetic diversity –Mixed species stands

44. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. Site preparation –Avoid intensive, soil disturbing site preparation –Retain snags and course woody debris –Prescribed fire to promote native understory species where appropriate

45. M. J. Hartley. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantations forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95. Tending –Thin some plantation early and heavy to promote diverse understory –Retain unthinned plantations –Mosaic of thinned and unthinned plantations –Avoid complete competition control with herbicides

46. Plantations and Diversity A Regional Look at Wildlife Habitat in Southern Pine

47. Newly established plantations that support abundant herbaceous vegetation will provide sustenance for species dependent on cover provided by such vegetation 10 to 15 year-old pines furnishes a preferable combination of habitat traits for species like white-tailed deer As the stand matures, habitat quality for these species linked with herbaceous component as this vegetation eliminated by a woody overstory Patterns of habitat and wildlife species use reflect changes in stand development and composition

48. While variability in tree species diversity and density of vegetation strata delimit habitat quality within individual stands Inherent physical patterns of growth and botanical features (e.g., bark, fruit) define the habitat value of individual species Greater wildlife diversity of wildlife associated with deciduous forest is, in part, a function of the elevated abundance and diversity of foods and foraging strata provided by hardwoods

49. Recommendations for improving wildlife habitat associated with even-aged, pine plantations in the southeastern United States Species Composition –Diversify species –Advocate mixed pine-hardwood stands –Limit conversion of hardwood and pine/hardwood to plantations –Maintain and restore hardwood-dominated stream corridors –Encourage planting of the best genetically improved pine seedling stock for faster growth

50. Recommendations for improving wildlife habitat associated with even-aged, pine plantations in the southeastern United States Management –Encourage precommercial and commercial thinning –Increase flexibility in tree stocking rates Wider spaces within rows (e.g., 8 ft). Wider spacing between tree rows (e.g., 12 ft) –Advocate prescribed burning of younger stands –Encourage sawtimber-dominated stands –Encourage partial harvest to establish multi-age plantations –Emphasize low-intensity mechanical site preparation over use of herbicides. When herbicides are needed, favor those products that have minimal effect of plant species

51. Recommendations for improving wildlife habitat associated with even-aged, pine plantations in the southeastern United States Size and Configuration Limit plantation size to 50 ac or smaller Establish a ratio of 1 ac of permanent opening per 20 ac of trees within plantations > 50 ac Establish irregular plantation boundaries Establish or preserve hardwood corridors and firebreaks-roads planted to herbaceous cover to increase diversity Plant borders roads to legumes or wildlife food plots Establish soft borders between plantations and agricultural lands