1. Photography & Motion Artist through history have tried to create the illusion of motion in a still image. Eadward Muybridge devised a method to take pictures of a racehorse. He set up 24 cameras, each connected to a black thread stretched across the racecourse. In 1887, he published Animal Locomotion, his most important work. He showed people & animals in sequential motion. As films & cameras became faster, photographers discovered the ability to stop motion to the split second. In the 1950s, Berenice Abbott shot a multiple stop-action photograph of a pendulum.

2. Eadward Muybridge devised a method to take pictures of a racehorse. He set up 24 cameras, each connected to a black thread stretched across the racecourse.

3. In the 1950, Berenic e Abbott shot a multiple stop- action photogra ph of a pendulu m

4. FILM The History of Film Films & Filmmakers

5. The works of Edweard Muybridge’s Studies of motion Muybridge's photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope

6. zoopraxiscope

7. Commercial application of motion pictures evolved after three major developments. In 1888 George Eastman introduced celluloid film, allowing for stringing images together. Thomas Edison created the first genuine motion picture in 1894. The creation of film projector.

8. Thomas Edison Fred Ott’s Sneeze. 1894

9. Cinematographe camera/projector designed by Auguste and Louis Lumiere March 1895

10. Exploring the possibilities: Special Effects and Animation Animation The word animation means, “bringing to life”.

11. A Trip to the Moon, directed by French filmmaker George Melies. 1902

12. Winsor McCay. Gertie the Trained Dinosaur. 1914

13. Gertie the Trained Dinosaur uses a technique called pixilation. A frame-by-frame making several drawings of the image in sequence to suggest motion. 12 to 24 drawings are required per second of running time in order to create the illusion of smooth motion. Ex. a three minute cartoon in length would require up to 4, 320 individual drawings.

14. Epic “Epic” in films suggests a picture that’s long, crowded, and grand. Epic film has a story taken from significant points in history or the Bible. Epic film has a moral to preach to its audience The pioneer of epics was David Wark Griffith or D. W. Griffith

15. D.W. Griffith THE BIRTH OF A NATION 1914

17. D.W. Griffith innovator in filming techniques A Shot -is unbroken sequence of movie frames with the camera rolling. Before Griffith, the standard in film had been the full shot, showing the actors from head to toe. Griffith experimented with a range of shots for dramatic effects: The medium shot (from waist-up) The close-up (head and shoulders) The extreme close-up (part of the face) The long shot (seen from a distance He perfected the technique of crosscutting in which two or scenes are alternated to advance the action of the film. He used the iris shot (the edges are blackened to create a circle of interest) effectively.

18. Soviet Russian film-maker Sergei Eisenstein In filmmaking editing is fundamental to storytelling. Sergei Eisenstein is one of the most influential early masters of editing. interested in the expressive possibilities of editing, changing the rhythm of how quickly one shot succeeded another, breaking a single action down into several shots, alternating shots of different subjects so the viewer would understand a symbolic connection between them.

19. The Battleship Potemkin, directed by Sergei Eisenstein. 1925

20. Studio Systems Studios are organizations that produce movies on a large scale. The organism they developed for making movies is called a studio system. Under one roof, studios such as Paramount, Warner Brothers, and Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM)-integrated all aspects of the film. Writers, actors, directors, professionals such as camera operators, costume and set designers, scenery painters, lighting experts, make-up artists, etc.

21. FILMMAKERS Charles Chaplin David O. Selznick Orson Welles Ingmar Bergman Federico Fellini Alfred Hitchcock Woody Allen

22. Charles Chaplin ‘ Modern Times’ is considered to be his greatest film. The theme of man vs. machine.

23. David O. Selznick “Gone with the Wind” Color photography for films was introduced in early 1930s

25. Orson Welles “Citizen Kane” in 1941

26. Ingmar Bergman “ The Seventh Seal”, made in 1957

27. Federico Fellini “La Dolce Vita “from 1959 translated “the sweet life”

28. Woody Allen “The Purple Rose of Cairo” 1984

29. Artists and Film Salvador Dali and Luis Buñuel Andy Warhol

30. Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí’s surrealistic “An Andalusian Dog.” 1928

31. Andy Warhol. Empire. 1964. 16mm film, black and white, silent, 8 hours 5minutes at 16frames per second

32. Independent Vision “Art Cinema” an independent movie that does not conform to popular storytelling techniques or aim to please a mass audience. That has a single vision. An Auteur approach. Shown in small specialized theaters, by cinema societies, or by art museums (venues apart from major commercial theaters).

33. Star Wars - Revenge Of The Sith half of the film created digitally. numerous artists worked on 21,000 shots layering digitally rendered sets, computer animated characters, and computer- generated effects over footage of human actors or scale models.

34. Video Art With Video art the image is created on the television screen by manipulating dials, selecting colors, combining figures and other elements Nam June Paik. TV Buddha.1974. Closed-circuit video

35. Peter Campus’s Three Transitions, 1973

36. Tony Oursler. Insomnia. 1996. Six pillows, cloth, LCD video projector, VCR, vidoetape; tripod performer. Engaging the viewer.

37. Tony Oursler & Tracy Leipold. Coo. 2003. DVD Projection on fiberglass sculpture, height 43”

38. Shirin Neshat’s “Rapture”