1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby (1) I.Prenatal development A.Periods of the zygote B.Period of the embryo C.Period of the fetus

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby (2) II.Prenatal environmental influences A.Teratogens B.Maternal nutrition, stress, drug use

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby (3) III.The Newborn A.Preterm vs. small-for-date B.The Apgar Scale C.Infant reflexes and sensorimotor capacities IV.Adjusting to the new family unit

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Periods of Prenatal Development Period and LengthKey Events Zygote (2 weeks)  Fertilization  Implantation Embryo (6 weeks)  Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs Fetus (30 weeks)  “Growth and finishing” phase

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Period of the Zygote: Conception and Implantation Figure 3.1 (From Before We Are Born, 6th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 87. Copyright © 2003, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Period of the Embryo  Beginnings of central nervous system  Appearance of heart, muscles, ribs, backbone and digestive tract  Formation of face, arms, legs, toes, fingers, and internal organs  Beginnings of sense of touch and of movement  ¼ inch to 1 inch; ½ ounce.

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Third month:  organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected  lungs begin to expand and contract  Second trimester:  many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks  most of the brain’s neurons are in place  Third trimester:  age of viability: 22–26 weeks  fetus takes on beginnings of personality Period of the Fetus

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.2 (Adapted from Before We Are Born, 7th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 313. Copyright © 2008, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Harm done by teratogens is affected by:  dose  heredity  age  other negative influences Teratogens © Phil McDonald/Shutterstock

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Drugs:  prescription  nonprescription  illegal  Tobacco  Alcohol  Radiation  Environmental pollution  Infectious disease Teratogenic Substances © Minerva Studio/Fotolia

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Nutrition  Emotional stress  Age  Lack of prenatal health care  SES Other Maternal Factors in Prenatal Development © Dmitry Melnikov/Shutterstock

16. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Monitor general health:  weight gain  capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus  growth of the fetus  Treat complications:  diabetes  preeclampsia Importance of Prenatal Care © Poznyakov/Shutterstock

17. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk High levels of stress hormones  help baby withstand oxygen deprivation  prepare baby to breathe  arouse infant into alertness The Baby’s Adaptation to Labor and Delivery © nattanan726/Shutterstock

18. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk The Apgar Scale “Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, Respiration” Table 3.2 (Source: Apgar, 1953.) Video: Dr Virginia Apgar teaches assessment using the Apgar Scale Video On Demand: Neonates

19. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Preterm  Born several weeks or more before their due date  Weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date  May be either preterm or full-term  Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants

20. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Infant Mortality in Thirty Nations Figure 3.5 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.)

21. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Rooting  Sucking  Moro  Stepping Newborn Reflexes © philipus/Fotalia Video: Infant reflexes

22. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep  Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep  Drowsiness  Quiet alertness  Waking activity and crying Infant States of Arousal © Vasilyev Alexandr/Shutterstock

23. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Sensitive to touch  around mouth  on palms and soles of feet  Use touch to investigate their world  Severe pain  overwhelms nervous system with stress hormones  can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch Newborn Sense of Touch © Eleonora_os/Shutterstock

24. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Infants  have a preference for sweet tastes at birth  can readily learn to like new tastes  have odor preferences at birth  can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell

25. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Newborns  turn head toward source of sound  can hear a wide variety of sounds  prefer complex sounds to pure tones  can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old  listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds  can detect the sounds of any human language Newborn Sense of Hearing

26. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Least developed sense at birth  Limited visual acuity ~20/400  Actively explore environment:  scan for interesting sights  track moving objects  Not yet good at discriminating colors © Saylakham/Shutterstock Newborn Sense of Vision

27. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.