2. Development

3. Developmental Sequence 1)Cephalo-caudal – growth proceeds from head to foot Control hands before feet Think before acting Gets teeth before he walks 2)Proximal distal – growth proceeds from near to far Moves whole body, then arms, then hands & feet 3)Growth proceeds from simple to complex – Talks, reads, writes Lifts head, sits up, creep, crawl, walk, run

4. Types of Development Physical development Gross motor skills – use of large muscles Running, jumping, climbing, etc. Fine motor skills – use of small muscles Coloring, using fork and knife, etc. Intellectual development Cognitive development – mental processes through which we think, learn, and communicate

5. Emotional development – involves understanding and responding to our surroundings Smile, cry, laugh, fear, sadness, anger Social Development – Understanding others and learning how to interact “Play is a child’s work” Moral Development – knowing right from wrong

6. Physical Development Deals with muscles, whether small muscles or large muscles

7. Skeletal Growth Refers to changes in height and weight (related to bones) as well as the appearance of teeth The first year a baby’s length is discussed because she/he cannot yet stand. Once she/he stands, we refer to his height. Babies become chubby at approximately 9 months; fat tissues develop under skin

8. Body Proportions The relative size of body parts Infants have large heads Infants have a pot-belly abdomen Poor sense of balance

9. Bones and Teeth Bones do not break easily Made of mainly cartilage Spaces between bones which allow them to bend, suck their toes, etc., but the skeleton is not sturdy enough to sit Bones are soft and can become misshapen

10. Who has each # of bones? Adults vs. Infants 300 vs. 206 bones Which is which?

11. Three Changes in a Baby’s Bones: Length of bone increases Ossification = bone tissue formation from cartilage helps bones become sturdy (minerals calcium and phosphorus deposits) Number of bones change; skull changes from several bones to one

12. Teeth 20 deciduous (baby) teeth begin to form at 6 weeks in fetal life 6 months after birth babies begin teething Sequence is predicable, but WHEN is not as easy to predict See diagrams

13. There is an average norm to how babies develop 1)Cephalo-caudal – growth proceeds from head to foot Control hands before feet Think before acting Gets teeth before he walks 2)Proximal distal – growth proceeds from near to far Moves whole body, then arms, then hands & feet 3)Simple to complex – Talks, reads, writes Lifts head, sits up, creep, crawl, walk, run

14. Head and Neck Control 2 months – baby can raise head and chest while on belly 3-4 months – eyes focus and follow objects 6 months – head control is almost complete By 6 months baby can raise head while on back and can hold head while sitting

15. Trunk Control Develops more slowly than the head control Trunk control allows baby to roll over and to sit

16. Rolling Over Usually accomplished between month 2 and 5 Baby will first roll front to back Baby will roll back to front by the next month It is easier for a baby to lift head and trunk when on belly

17. Sitting Baby must have control of neck and head as well as back At 3-4 months baby can sit if supported They progress through to month 9 when most babies sit without support and without toppling

18. Leg Control Last phase of head to toe development Locomotion = ability to move from place to place begins with leg control

19. Locomotion CRAWLING – pulling along with arms, belly does not leave the floor Begins at approximately 7 months, when baby plays with toes and feet

20. Locomotion cont. CREEPING – begins by lifting the belly and hips off the floor alternately Movement can be forward or backward Usually begins at month 6-8 (We call this action crawling! We are wrong!)

21. Locomotion cont. STANDING – 6 month olds enjoy standing when held under the armpits Begins by bouncing and then pulling up on objects to stand tall

22. Trunk to Extremities The grasping reflex disappears at 4 months and is replaced with a voluntary grasp

23. Arm/Hand Control 2 months – baby swipes at objects 4-5 months – baby can reach a stationary object 5-6 months – baby accepts one object handed to him/her and can grasp dangling objects 6-7 months – baby carries objects when grasped against mouth 7 months – baby accepts two objects handed to him/her 8-9 months – baby picks up objects with pointer and thumb 10 months – baby accepts three objects

24. See diagram of infant hand grasp

25. Looking Ahead at Monthly Development First Month Turns head to clear nose from bed Keeps hands fisted or slightly open Few expressions when awake Second month Holds head up while on tummy Holds objects with hand Smiles and coos

26. Third month Sits when supported Turns head to sounds Reaches for objects w/ both hands Fourth month Rolls from side to side or to back Babbles and laughs Clasps fingers and hands in play Fifth month Rolls from front to back May sit supported Understands own name

27. Sixth month Transfer toy from one hand to next Creeps – (army crawl) on tummy Stands with support Seventh month Pushes up on hands and knees Sits w/ little support May say “mama” and “dada” Eighth month Crawls Stands leaning against something Mimics sounds

28. Ninth month May crawl up stairs Feed self May understand and respond to some words Tenth month Stands w/ little support Repeats some words Object permanence “hide and seek” Eleventh month Stands alone – squats and stoops Mimics some words Twelfth month Walks Points with finger

29. Learning to roll over sequence: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqSslKxJ4LE

30. Baby time lapse: “Jack’s First Year” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTsaG8r_0fs

31. Several advances in physical development occur during a baby’s first year. Explain how each advance listed below creates new concerns for parents in terms of safety and care: Rolling over Sitting up Crawling Standing Walking

32. Infant Social/Emotional Development Three main parts: 1.Disposition (mood) 2.Learning to interact 3.Showing Feelings

33. Temperament the tendency to act in a certain way Partly inherited Prenatal conditions and birth Environment Baby’s personality shows at about two months; many of us keep our personality throughout life.

34. Types of temperament Easy Regular habits, cheerful, responds well and adjusts quickly to a new situation Slow to warm up Take more time to adapt to new situations Difficult Irregular in habits, slow to adjust to a new situation, scream

35. INTERACTION Relating socially to one or more people Young infants understand social messages and react with coos, smiles, and cries At 3-6 months, infants recognize familiar people and react well with smiles and laughter Once a baby is mobile s/he initiates the socialization Infants relate best with adults who cuddle, hold and care Infants enjoy being around other infants

36. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE INFANTS SOCIALIZE WITH PEOPLE OF ALL AGES?

37. TRUST Synonym: Reliability Are the baby’s needs being met? When needs are not met, mistrust develops which causes mistrust in later years as well

38. ATTACHMENT Closeness between people that remains for a period of time Bonding is how the parents feel toward the child; attachment is how the child feels toward the parent Attachment behaviors are actions demonstrated to show closeness: following, clinging, smiling, crying when left

39. ATTACHMENT BEHAVIORS 1 month – recognizes familiar and unfamiliar voices 2 weeks to 2 months – baby smiles 5 months baby shows joyful movements and may laugh 4-5 months – baby’s breath becomes shallow and baby becomes still around strangers 6-7 months – baby becomes upset and cries when left with someone not familiar What do we call this?

40. Stranger Anxiety Being anxious around new people (i.e. Santa) Separation Anxiety Becoming upset when separated from a caregiver or parent they are attached to

41. EMOTIONS Thoughts and feelings which may cause changes in the body Age-appropriate behaviors are normal ways to express emotions at a certain age

42. EMOTIONS Love – the feeling of attachment to something that gives comfort Fear – occurs around 6 months. Two types: fear of the unknown and the fear of learned experiences Anxiety – the fear of a possible future event. Separation anxiety occurs at 8-9 months when the child cries when left alone Anger – extremely upset; babies show varied degrees of anger

43. Summary Social/emotional development involves a basic disposition Babies vary in temperament Interaction directly affects social/emotional development Babies learn trust if their basic needs are met Emotions arise early in life

44. Overlap with cognitive development Read TIPS: “Talking with Babies” What are some other methods to increase social/emotional development?

46. Intellectual Development (Cognitive) 1.How you learn 2.What you learn 3.How you express what you know through language

47. Stimuli Anything that directly influences the sense organs Light, sound, color, etc.

48. Experiences Exploration! Seeing, hearing, touching, and trying to make sense of what is happening NEW experiences expand a baby’s knowledge REPEATED experiences reinforce knowledge

49. What are schemas? A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information Examples: A young child may develop a schema for a horse. She knows that a horse is large, has hair, four legs and a tail. When the little girl encounters a cow for the first time, she might initially call it a horse. After all, it fits in with her schema for the characteristics of a horse. Once she is told that this is a different animal called a cow, she will modify her existing schema for a horse and create a new schema for a cow

50. Schemas: Think, pair, share… Think of an example of your own!

51. Preferences Change from parts of an object to the entire object Focus on one small part then eventually on the whole object Change from simple to complex objects Focus on 2D then 3D; stationery then moving Change from familiar to new objects Focus on objects they know then objects that are new and exciting

52. In order of preference, BABIES PREFER: 1.Faces 2.Words, scribbles, designs 3.Red 4.Yellow 5.Plain white/black

53. And…. Curved lines more than straight Black and white contrast Tactile (feeling and touch) 3 dimensional Sounds and movement

54. Perception organizing information that comes through your senses Compare and contrast Dependent on your senses Dependent on the speed in which you organize Dependent on how you react

55. Cognition The act or process of knowing and understanding Gives meaning to perception As children lose reflexes, perceptions help them learn

56. Sensorimotor Stage Begins at birth (usually ends at two years) Babies explore with senses and motor actions and communicate with them as well. Problems are solved in a certain order: Reflexes, repetition, beginning control, applying knowledge, discovering new solutions, beginning of thought processes

57. What infants learn CONCEPT is an idea formed by combining what you know about an object Concepts change from incorrect to correct as child grows

58. Object Constancy The ability to learn that an object remains the same even if they seem different It may look different in size, shape, color, but it is the same

59. Object Constancy Examples Water Activity Pennies Activity Graham Cracker Activity

60. Object Permanence The ability to learn that an object still exists even if it cannot be heard, seen or felt Occurs after two months; child will look for a hidden toy by 8 months.

61. Object Permanence Examples Peekaboo Game Blanket Activity

62. Depth Perception The ability to tell how far away something is. It is usually well developed by 7-9 months, but children still have some difficulties “An Experiment by Joseph Campos: The Visual Cliff” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNhHrMJA

63. Language How you communicate Vocabulary are the words you know, understand, and use correctly

64. Baby communication Cry Coo (light, happy sound) Babble (series of vowel sounds to which a consonant is added) Reduplication babbling (repeat same syllables)

65. Language Things-to- Remember Monotone (at a single pitch) Inflection (changing pitch) Passive vocabulary (understand words) Active vocabulary (using words)

66. Summary Rate of cognitive development is determined by physical development and environment. Babies learn by organizing information that comes through the senses. They piece together information. Physical (motor) development helps a child understand the world through explanation. A child’s language is directly affected by cognitive development, environment, and experiences.