1. Unit II: Population Geography

2. spatial interaction: the movements of peoples, ideas, commodities within & between places Determinants of interaction between two places: communication flows, travel patterns, & migration Flows Ullman’s flow determining model: I. Complementarity: supply of something in one place & demand for it in another II. Transferability: exchange of product occurs between both sides *transferability decreases with distance III. Intervening Opportunity: a closer option will change interaction *intervening opportunity increases with distance

3. Measuring Spatial Interaction Distance Decay (“the friction of distance”) I The Gravity Model (size & distance affect interaction) 1.Any model that expresses interaction between two places as a function of: size -the size of the two places (population) distance -the distance between them 2.The physics of size versus distance * Sir Isaac Newton said: “Any two objects attract each other with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them” iii. The Potential Model: Measures interactions between one location & every other location iv.Movement Biases (distance, direction, & network bias) : v.DISTANCE BIAS: - DIRECTIONAL BIAS: - NETWORK BIAS:

4. migration: the permanent long-term relocation from one place to another voluntary migration: people have a choice to move or stay reluctant migration: less than fully voluntary, but not forced forced migration: imposed relocation by one group over another causing “refugees” internal migration: relocation within a country’s borders Push Factors: negative home conditions that “push” the decision to migrate (loss of job, lack of opportunities, overcrowding, famine, war, disease) Pull Factors: positive attributes perceived to exist at the new location (jobs opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more room, safer) place utility: degree of satisfaction with a place Migration

5. Migration Patterns Step migration: smaller, less extreme moves Ex.: farm to village—to small town—to major city Chain migration: an established linkage or chain for future migrants (creates a “migration field”) Migrants provide information, money, place to stay, a job for other family/friends Channel Migration: clear pathways & travel routes are established

6. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration” short distance short distance step by step step by step rural to urban rural to urban each flow produces a counter each flow produces a counter flow flow Most international migrants are Most international migrants are young males young males Population Geography Population Geography: number, composition, & distribution of human beings Demography: the statistical study of human populations

7. Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Birth rate is calculated by live births per 1,000 Less than 20 per thousand is a low birth rate Fertility Rates (TFR): average number of live births per 1,000 women of child bearing age * Rate of 2.1 is required just to REPLACE the present population to have ZPG (zero growth). Lower Global Death Rates: Due to diffusion of healthcare access &technology, medicines, hygienic practices, pesticides use, and improved nutrition. Infant Mortality Rate: Deaths of infants 1 year or under per 1000 live births

8. Population Pyramids Show population structure of a country by age and sex Broad bases = high fertility and mortality Rectangular shape = lower fertility and mortality Japan & France: smaller families, the middle class support young & old... NOT ENOUGH YOUNG WORKERS!

9. The Demographic Transition

10.  NO country today in Stage 1  Stage 2: Undeveloped poorer countries  Stage 3: Developing countries (India, China)  Stage 4: Developed countries w/ ZPG (E.U.)  Stage 5: Population “Implosion” (Japan)  “Dependency ratio”: amount of individuals not in the labor force (the dependents; elderly & young) & those in the labor forcelabor force

11. Population Distribution Ecumene: a permanently inhabited place on the Earth *about 35% of land area is uninhabitable (non-ecumene) Where are the most non-ecumenes? World pop stats: rural, other ½ urban 90% live north of the equator 90% live on less than 20% of land Tend to live low elevations & coastal (temperature, length of growing season, less erosion issues)

12. Four Great Pop. Clusters East Asia:25% of world Japan, China, Taiwan, South Korea South Asia:21% of world India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Over 1 billion people live along the Ganges River alone Europe:12% of pop. Germany, U.K., Benelux Europe has as many people as U.S. but on 70% less space Northeastern U.S./S.E. Canada U.S. “Rust Belt” & megalopolis of “Bowash” (urban area extending from Boston to D.C.) Canadian province of Quebec

13. Population Density population density: number of people per sq. mile Mongolia – 4 people per sq. mi. Bangladesh – 2,478 arithmetic density: population per total area physiologic density: population per agriculturally productive land – 33% of land on Earth is arable – U.S. physiological density: 36 Overpopulation overpopulation: not enough resources to support a population carrying capacity (k-capacity): number of people that an area can support with existing technology

14. Sir Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) - An English Economist & Demographer Malthus stated (1789): Population is limited by subsistence: *populations grow faster than food production Population increases with subsistence Checks are either “private” or “destructive”: War Poverty Pestilence (disease) Famine

15. The Great Population Debate Cornucopians vs. Neo-Malthusians: “Cornucopian” Viewpoint: − technology raises carrying capacity − S-curve, NOT J-curve − resources are viewed as infinite − people are the world’s ultimate resource

16. Economic Factors Agrarian societies: children are assets Industrial societies: children are Level of development: smaller family size= higher standard of living Social Factors 1. “traditional” role of woman (child-bearer) 2. children to care for elderly 3. male preference 4. high infant mortality rate 5. low literacy rates 6. lack of birth control 7. Religion: Catholicism, Islam, Hinduism Political factors 1. Anti-natal policies: -China (“One-Child Policy”) & India 2. Pro-natal policies: - China 1950-60’s - pop. implosion fears (Italy, Russia)

17. II. Types of Pop. Controls A. Involuntary: Natural Controls: Hunger Starvation Disease Government Programs: One-Child Policies (Singapore and China) Sterilization Campaigns (P.R., Peru, Mexico, India, Nazis) B. Voluntary: Birth Control Cultural Norms ZPG Movement