28. Articular capsule Oblique popliteal ligament Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle Fibular (Lateral) collateral ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Tibia Femur Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle Tendon of semimembranosus muscle (d) Posterior view of the joint capsule, including ligaments Popliteus muscle (cut) Tendon of adductor magnus Bursa Tibial (Medial) Collateral ligament

34. (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia

56. Medial cuneiform Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Proximal 54321 Middle Distal Trochlea of talus

57. Facet for medial malleolus Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) Talus Navicular First metatarsal Medial cuneiform Calcaneus

69. Medial collateral ligament: aka Deltoid Ligament A strong, flat, triangular band. Deltoid Ligament is much stronger than lateral collateral. Function: Resists Eversion of the Ankle joint

87. The least mobile joints in the human foot. The articular surfaces of the two bones are relatively flat with some irregular undulations, limiting movement to a single rotation and some translation. (which occur when the foot is inverting or everting)

92. The Intertarsal articulations are the joints between the Tarsal bones in the foot. 1.Intercuneiform articulations 2.Cuneocuboid articulation 3.Cuneonavicular articulation 4.Cuboideonavicular articulation

95. The Dorsal Ligaments: The dorsal ligaments are strong, flat bands stretching from all 3 Cuneiforms and the Cuboid bone to the Metatarsals The Plantar Ligaments: The Plantar ligaments consist of longitudinal and oblique bands, with less regularity than the dorsal ligaments. The Interosseous Ligaments There are 3 interosseous ligaments connect the Cuneiforms with the base of the 2 nd and 3 rd Metatarsal

96. 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th Metatarsals bases are connected by Dorsal, Plantar and Interosseous ligaments The Metatarsal Heads are also connected by a Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligament. A narrow band that runs across and connects all the heads.

99. The Dorsal ligaments pass transversely between the dorsal surfaces of the bases of the adjacent Metatarsal bones. The Plantar ligaments have a similar arrangement to the dorsal. The Interosseous ligaments consist of strong transverse fibers which connect the rough non-articular portions of the adjacent surfaces.

106. Palmar ligaments: It is also known as volar plate. It contitutes the floor of the interphalangeal joint. Collateral ligaments: The collateral ligaments pass from the lateral aspect of the head of one Phalanx to the Palmar aspect of the base of adjacent Phalanx. Stabilize and prevent motions in the transverse and sagittal planes

107. The Plantar or Volar plates are fibrocartilaginous structures similar to the palmar plates in the hand; Due to the weight-bearing nature of the human foot, the Plantar plates are exposed to extension forces not present in the human hand. The Plantar plate supports the weight of the body and restricts dorsiflexion.

109. The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid foot).