2. Becoming a Teacher Ninth Edition Forrest W. Parkay Chapter 8 Today’s Students ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3. 8-2 Focus Questions 1. How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? 2. What does equal educational opportunity mean? 3. What is meant by bilingual education? 4. What is multicultural education? 5. How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

4. 8-3 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Culture a way of life common to a group of people; values, attitudes, and beliefs that influence their traditions and behaviors. Cultural Pluralism distinguishing characteristics of culture that are to be preserved rather than blended Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 8-4 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Dimensions of Culture Ethnic Group individuals within a larger culture who share a self defined racial or cultural identity Cultural Identity an overall sense of who one is; defined by age, racial identity, gender, exceptionalities, sexual orientation, income, beliefs and values Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

6. 8-5 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Language and Culture Bilingual education using two languages as medium of instruction Limited English Proficient (LEP) students with limited ability to understand, read or speak English and have a first language other than English Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

7. 8-6 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? The Concept of Multiculturalism Schools where differences related to race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, disability and social class are acknowledged and all students are viewed as a valuable resource Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

8. 8-7 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Ethnicity and Race Ethnicity shared identity based on common ancestry, cultural, tradition, and sense of peoplehood Race subjective concept used to distinguish humans by biological traits Mixed-Race Identity 3% of the population self-identified as two or more races on the 2010 U.S. Census Forty-one percent of the mixed-race population was under age 18 Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

9. 8-8 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Concept of Minorities Any group numbering less than half of the total population Includes not only racial and ethnic groups but groups that have traditionally lacked power in U.S. public life: ○ immigrants, ○ poor, ○ children, ○ elderly, ○ non-English speakers, ○ minority religions, ○ people with disabilities, ○ people who are gay lesbian bisexual or transgender, and ○ women Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

10. 8-9 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Minority Groups and Academic Achievement Achievement Gap Uneven academic progress between white students and Hispanic, Black, and American Indian/ Native American Socioeconomic Status, language or culture contributes most strongly to student achievement Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

11. 8-10 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Stereotyping process of attributing behavioral characteristics to all members of a group Individual Racism prejudicial belief that one’s ethnic or racial group is superior to others Institutional Racism adopting policies that while not specifically directed at excluding a group, but nevertheless results in their exclusion Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

12. 8-11 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Class and Socioeconomic Status Low income those without an income twice the federal poverty level Poverty can impede a child’s ability to learn and contribute to social, emotional and behavioral problems Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

13. 8-12 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Religious Pluralism More than a dozen major religious traditions that are divided into hundreds of distinct groups Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

14. 8-13 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Promoting full development of students as individuals without regard for race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, religion, abilities or disabilities Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

15. 8-14 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Education and African Americans Desegregation Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Segregated schools are inherently unequal and violate the equal protection clause of 14th Amendment Resegregation Schools becoming segregated due to population movement and removal of judicial supervision to desegregate Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

16. 8-15 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Learning Needs of African American Students – Cooperation teaching strategies results in higher achievement – Oral/ Aural learning activities Afrocentric Schools – Schools that focus on African American history and cultures Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

17. 8-16 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Education of Latino and Hispanic Americans – Students held back by language barriers and English-only laws – Children of migrant workers are more likely to drop out Learning Needs of Spanish-Speaking Students – Student need to combine native language cognitive skills with English sociopolitical climate – Teachers should use both cultures to bridge curriculum and home for child Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

18. 8-17 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Education and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Large diverse group, with separate traditions All have experienced racism Legal acts have passed to prevent further immigration of these populations Teacher concerns about Asian American Students Teachers need to be sensitive to cultural conflicts students may experience Teachers should have patience Teachers and schools should start slow with placement in an all English class Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

19. 8-18 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Education and Native American and Alaskan Natives Population has experienced disease, genocide, forced assimilation and forced relocation and confinement Indian Education Act of 1972 and 1974 Amendment Administered by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Assistance for schools to improve education, train teachers and college funding for Native Americans Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

20. 8-19 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Research on Native American Ways of Knowing Students need to observe Teachers need to interact in quiet manner individually with student Students learn experientially Attempts being made at culture preservation Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

21. 8-20 What is meant by bilingual education? Bicultural – able to function effectively in two or more linguistic and cultural groups Bilingual Education Act Required that language minority students be taught in both native language and English Equal Educational Opportunity Act School District must take appropriate action to overcome language barrier that impede equal participation by students in instructional programs Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

22. 8-21 What is meant by bilingual education? Arguments for Bilingual Education Students learn English better if taught in native language Bilingual students can continue to learn without waiting to master English Native language competencies provide cognitive foundations for learning English and content Second Languages are valuable Bilingual programs support students’ identity, social context and self esteem Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

23. 8-22 What is meant by bilingual education? Arguments opposed to bilingual education Schools should not be expected to teach all students in their first language, nor can schools afford teachers Cost of bilingual education is high More exposure to English will increase learning Bilingual programs emphasize differences Bilingual education is a threat to the English language Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

24. 8-23 What is meant by bilingual education? Advice for Monolingual Teachers Be aware of each student’s language abilities Provide material that reflects appropriate cultural experiences Find the most appropriate material for student Make smooth transition into new material Become knowledgeable about student’s cultures and heritages Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

25. 8-24 What is Multicultural Education? Addresses needs and backgrounds of all students regardless of cultural identity Committed to goal of providing all students regardless of socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation or ethnic, racial or cultural backgrounds with equal opportunities to learn Criticized for focusing on differences instead of similarities Criticized for not addressing powers that keep groups from participating equitably in society Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

26. 8-25 What is Multicultural Education? Dimensions of Multicultural Education Content Integration Knowledge Construction Process Prejudice Reduction Equity Pedagogy Empowering School and Social Structure Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

27. 8-26 What is Multicultural Education? Multicultural Instructional Materials and Strategies Guidelines Materials should portray accurate perspectives, attitudes, and feelings of ethnic group Fictional work should have strong ethnic characters Books should describe settings and experiences students can identify with and accurately reflect ethnicity Ethnic characters should face conflicts universal to all Illustrations should be accurate, ethnically sensitive, and well done Ethnic materials should not contain racisms Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

28. 8-27 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Gender Differences Sex role stereotyping – cultural differences between males and females partially shaped by society’s traditional expectations Sex role socialization – expectations conveyed concerning the way boys and girls are supposed to act Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

29. 8-28 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Gender and Education Education Amendments Act Title IX Women guaranteed equality in educational opportunity Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA) Expanded math, science and technology for females Programs to reduce sex-role stereotyping in curriculum Programs to increase female educational administrators Programs to extend educational and career opportunities for minority, rural and disabled women Programs to increase career aspiration for females Encourage more females to participate in athletics Criticized and claims that now males are being short changed Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

30. 8-29 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Students – Students typically do not have support of teachers and counselors – Professional organizations have passed resolutions to acknowledge special needs of these students Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

31. 8-30 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Gender-Fair Classrooms and Curricula Gender Bias Subtle favoritism or discrimination on the basis of gender Gender-Fair Classroom Become aware of differences in interactions with girls and boys Promote boys’ achievements in reading and writing and girls’ achievement in math and science Reduce young children’s self-imposed sexism Teach about sexism and sex role stereotyping Foster atmosphere of collaboration between boys and girls Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved