1. The Federal Bureaucracy Chapter 13

2. Example In 1803 Congress acted to aid a New Hampshire town devastated by fire Over the next 150 years Congress acted over 100 more times to provide similar assistance Dozens of federal agencies were active in the 1970’s in some form of disaster assistance

3. Example cont’d. Spreading responsibility across so many agencies made disaster relief slower Jimmy Carter issued an executive order in 1979 to establish the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and was viewed as very successfulFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) After 9/11 FEMA suffered drastic budget cuts 2005 Hurricane Katrina Took FEMA 5 days to arrive in New Orleans

4. http://lefteyeonthemedia.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/hurricane-katrina-victims.jpg

5. http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/assets_c/2010/01/fema_katrina-cropped-proto-custom_2.jpg

6. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/11/29/us/29fema.600.jpg

7. http://cache3.asset-cache.net/xc/81273332.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF8789215ABF3343C02EA548CA4C011FC566E936711173C1405EDE02F611AE0965CFD699E30A760B0D811297

8. Superdome http://weblogs.cltv.com/news/local/chicago/KatrinaSuperdome.jpg

9. FEMA Director Michael BrownMichael Brown http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xG82RFqLZfg/SWeDRF2rz1I/AAAAAAAACrg/rzN9PH7U73I/s320/Michael_Brown_and_Bush_at_Katrina.jpg “Can I quit now?”

10. http://cache4.asset-cache.net/xc/55859678.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF878921F7C3FC3F69D929FD77E9F5AF0B3545A609DA7C40E68F0BB6F2811832CB458729F06BF04B24B4128C

11. Example cont’d 2 years and 3 investigations later Congress and President George W. Bush reorganized FEMA In 2008 FEMA set a speed record for reacting to tornadoes in the southeast Katrina = Failure How many positive experiences do you have with the federal government on a daily basis?

12. Understanding the Federal Bureaucracy

13. The Undefined Branch Federal administration is responsible for only one task: To faithfully execute all the laws Alexander Hamilton Federalist, No. 70 The federal government would need a bureaucracy with the skill and motivation to faithfully execute the laws, which he described as the true test of a good government.

14. Constitutional Controls Founders spent little time worrying about the administration of government Most of the details were left to future presidents with the following 3 exceptions: Members of Congress may not hold executive office President has complete authority to nominate senior officers (though it does require Senate approval) The president is in charge of what presidential appointees do

15. Defining Bureaucracy Bureaucracy A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and procedures Bureaucrat A career government employee

16. Defining Bureaucracy cont’d Today the federal bureaucracy is made up of: 15 Departments 50 Agencies US Postal Service Armed Service

17. Defining Bureaucracy cont’d Largest workforce in the world (15 million employees) 2.7 million work in the Federal Bureaucracy 800,000 postal service 1.8 million civil service 1.4 million armed services 7.6 million work for the government under contracts to private firms Ex. Lockheed Martin, Boeing 2.9 million work under federal grants Ex. Colleges & Universities

18. Defining Bureaucracy cont’d Modern definition Large, inefficient organization clogged with red tape What impact if any does this have on the healthcare debate? http://www.diggersrealm.com/mt/archives/20080618/dmv-line-3.jpg http://saysomethingfunny.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/red-tape.jpg

19. Max Weber: 6 Characteristics of Bureaucracy Specialization Centralization Formal Rules Standardization Expertise Accountability

20. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Departments Largest and most visible Employ 70 percent of federal workers Largest by size Defense, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, Treasury, Justice Most prestigious Defense, Justice, State, Treasury Largest Budget Health & Human Services Medicare, Medicaid, SCHIP, FDA, etc. How many Obama cabinet members can you name?

21. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Independent Regulatory Commissions Much less visible Until their issue becomes “hot” Less responsive to political pressure Some degree of independence Commissioners nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate Congress must approve budget Decisions subject to judicial review

22. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Independent Regulatory Commissions cont’d Examples Federal Reserve Board (Fed) Federal Reserve Board Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) Securities & Exchange Commission Federal Election Commission (FEC) Federal Election Commission Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Nuclear Regulatory Commission Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Consumer Product Safety Commission Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

23. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Independent Agencies “Independent” Commission = Outside the presidents control Agency/Administration = standing alone but report to the president Smaller than departments Work on specific problems

24. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Independent Agencies cont’d Examples Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, & Firearms (ATF) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, & Firearms Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Central Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Bureau of Investigation Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Drug Enforcement Administration Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Protection Agency Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Administration Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food and Drug Administration Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Internal Revenue Service National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) National Aeronautics & Space Administration

25. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Independent Agencies cont’d Independence allows focus on mission but weakens the agency’s willingness to cooperate and can lead to confusion about who is responsible Ex. There are 15 different intelligence agencies 2004 Congress created the Department of National IntelligenceDepartment of National Intelligence

26. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Independent Agencies cont’d Can be very large NASA $11 billion budget Higher than 4 cabinet departments (Justice, Interior, State, and Commerce) 23,000+ workforce Agencies can exist within departments Forest Service  Dept. of Agriculture Park Service  Dept. of the Interior Census Bureau  Dept. of Commerce

27. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Government Corporations Act like a business More freedom from the rules Greater Authority to hire and fire No one knows exactly how many government corporations there are Between 31 and 47

28. 4 Types of Federal Organizations: Government Corporations cont’d Examples Corporation for Public Broadcasting (PBS) Corporation for Public Broadcasting US Postal Service (USPS) US Postal Service National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) National Railroad Passenger Corporation Americorps

29. Leading the Federal Bureaucracy

30. Presidential Appointees Approximately 3,000 presidential appointees head federal departments and agencies 600 of which require Senate confirmation Approximately 2,400 people serve “at the pleasure of the president” 1,000 US Marshals US Attorneys Ambassadors to foreign nations

31. The Civil Service

32. Definitions Civil Service Federal employees who work for government through a competitive, not political selection process Spoils System A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends Merit System A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather thanpolitical patronage

33. Agencies Office of Personnel Management (OPM) An agency that administers civil service laws, rules, and regulations Merit Systems Protection Board An independent agency that oversees and protects merit in the federal government personnel system

34. Civil Service Realities Only 15% of civilian employees work in D.C. More than 25% of civilian employees work for a branch of the military or defense agency Less than 10% work for Social Security and Medicare even though both account for over 1/2 of the federal budget 1/2 of federal employees work for the departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Justice, and State Most are employed as lawyers, budget analysts, engineers, inspectors, and auditors

35. Regulating the Civil Service Hatch Act Barred federal employees from active participation in certain kinds of politics and protecting them from being fired on partisan grounds Originally banned all political participation with the exception of voting 1993 President Clinton encouraged Congress to overhaul Bars federal employees from running as candidates but now allows partisan involvement CIA, FBI, Secret Service are excepetions

36. The Job of the Federal Bureaucracy

37. Implementation Writing checks at the Social Security Administration Inspecting job sites for OSHA Swearing in new citizens for the INS Monitoring airline traffic for the FAA

38. Administrative Discretion Authority given by Congress to the federal bureaucracy to use reasonable judgment in implementing the laws

39. Making Regulations Dept. of Agriculture Can regulate how meat processors handle food EPA Can regulate gas mileage in automobile industry Social Security Can regulate when workers become eligible INS Determines how long students can stay on a student visa All rules published in the Federal RegisterFederal Register

40. Spending Money Laws are implemented through spending Federal spending more than doubled over the past 50 years Began to shrink after the cold war Began to rise in 2001 after passage of tax cuts that cut federal revenues substantially Continues to rise largely because of aging population Uncontrollable/Entitlement Spending Social Security, college loans, unemployment, victims of natural disasters

41. Controlling the Federal Bureaucracy

42. Presidential Controls Party who wins the presidency does not acquire total control of the bureaucracy because it is so massive and ongoing President does have some power in appointments

43. Congressional Controls Establish or abolish agencies Power of the purse Senate’s power to confirm appointees