1. Chapter 2.3

2.  Carbon has unique bonding properties  Carbon = building block of life because it makes up most living things  Has four unpaired (free) electrons in it’s outer energy level.  This means it can bond up to 4 times with other atoms. (even other carbon atoms)

4.  Straight Chain

5.  Branched Chain

6.  Ring

7.  These are usually formed with other molecules.  If they are made up from separate small pieces, then they are called polymers.  Polymers are made up of monomers.

9.  There are four main types of carbon-based molecules:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids  These all look different but are still formed by using Carbon chains and rings.

10.  Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Sugars  Starches  These are usually broken down for energy usage.  Also used for plant structure.

11.  Can come in three different sugar forms:  Monosaccharides – (mono=one)(sugar)  Disaccharides – (Di = two)(sugar)  Polysaccharides – (poly = many) (sugars)  Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, are examples of simple sugars.  Starches (found in bread, pasta, and cereals) are more complex.

12.  These are nonpolar molecules that includes fats, oils, and cholesterol.  Can be used for some energy uses, some are used for cell structure.  Fatty acids – chains of carbon/hydrogen atoms.

14.  These are involved in almost every cell process in your body.  Made up of chains of amino acids.  We need 20 different kinds of amino acids, your body makes 12 already.  Amino acids are made up of two bonded molecules (carboxyl group and amino)  These link together to form polypeptides.(Giant protein polymers)

16.  Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides.  Two types of nucleic acids : DNA and RNA  This is designed to store information so proteins can later be assembled.  Your DNA is just a string of arranged nucleotides.