1. AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 2/18/2016

2. Goals for Today Be able to describe the possible affects and different types of mutations Be able to decode the message in messenger RNA (mRNA) Be able to describe how mutation can affect evolution

3. Question of the Day 2/18 Can a change in DNA affect the protein that is made ? Does it ALWAYS? Why or why not?

4. Mutations Thinking Harmful Helpful Neutral Let’s think of DNA as a recipe (which it is) But maybe for something like chocolate chip cookies.

5. Mutations Thinking Needed that exact protein, and not it is not that exact protein Take out chocolate chips Take out a unit Switch chocolate chips for anchovies Take out temperature or baking at all.

6. Mutations Thinking What kind of mutation would be neutral (have “no” effect) Other less important areas of DNA that don’t code for anything Maybe you delete a space or a spacing line.

7. Mutations Thinking Maybe you add something that will help that protein do an even better job Maybe you add M&M’s or More chocolate chips

8. How would a mutation become permanent?

9. Is there a mistake here?

10. Can you tell which one is the mistake? Could a non- thinking enzyme tell which one is the mistake?

11. When are mutations passed on? Gamete/germline vs. Somatic Mutation Think back to non-disjunction & Crossing over

12. Frameshift Mutation: Code is read, but the framing is off: Addition/Deletion: of 1 or more base pairs is deleted, resulting in the wrong sequence of base pairs.

13. THEFATCATATETHERAT Ribosomes read in ___ letter _______ from the _________ strand How would a substitution affect this? THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT

14. Frameshift Mutation: Code is read, but the framing is off: Addition/Deletion: of 1 or more base pairs is deleted, resulting in the wrong sequence of base pairs. HEF ATC ATA TET HER AT

15. Example of a “Frameshift” Mutation

16. Another Example…..

17. Nonsense

18. Sickle-Cell Disease: A Change in Primary Structure A slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s structure and ability to function Sickle-cell disease, an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

19. Figure 5.21 Primary Structure Secondary and Tertiary Structures Quaternary Structure Function Red Blood Cell Shape  subunit     Exposed hydrophobic region Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Molecules crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is reduced. Sickle-cell hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin 10  m Sickle-cell hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7    

20. Figure 5.21a 10  m

22. Figure 5.21 Primary Structure Secondary and Tertiary Structures Quaternary Structure Function Red Blood Cell Shape  subunit     Exposed hydrophobic region Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Molecules crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is reduced. Sickle-cell hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin 10  m Sickle-cell hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7    

23. Evolution & Mutation Natural Selection acts on ____________ but it is __________ that change/Evolve An individual does not change to their environment – POPULATIONS do & this is evolution!

24. Work Order Today 1.Turn in Mutations Lab 2.Finish “exploring mutations online” 3.Begin Reading Guide (331-336) ASK QUESTIONS!!!