1. Tuesday, March 3

2. Conservation Biology Definition History & Connections Biodiversity & threats Approaches to Solutions DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

3. Definitions … pursuit of a coherent goal: the protection and perpetuation of the Earth’s biological diversity. A mission-oriented, crisis-driven discipline comprising both pure and applied science –Meine et al. 2006 …not defined by a discipline but by its goal — to halt or repair the undeniable, massive damage that is being done to ecosystems, species, and the relationships of humans to the environment. –Ehrenfeld 1992 DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

4. Critique …effort by “an elite group of biologists” who “[aimed] to change science, conservation, cultural habits, human values, our ideas about nature, and ultimately, nature itself.” – Takacs 1996 Not without controversy “I have read many definitions of what is a conservationist & the best one is written not with a pen, but an axe.” -- Aldo Leopold DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

5. History - 1 Muir (Preservation) vs. Pinchot (Conservation) Wilderness Act (1964) Endangered Species Preservation Act 1966 Environmental Laws: Jan. 1, 1970 (NEPA) Endangered Species Act (1973) –“From the most narrow possible point of view, it is in the best interest of mankind to minimize the losses of genetic variations. The reason is simple: they are potential resources.” Leonor K. Sullivan, Chairman of theHouse Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, July 27, 1973 DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions http://www.fws.gov/endangered/

6. History - 2 DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

7. History - 3 Science and the funding agencies –NSF: Ecosystems (1970) –LTER (1980) –Urban LTER (1997) Emergence of Conservation Biology, SCB (‘85) Lectures by Gardner, Bauman, Scullion: –Ethics –Cost-benefit analysis –Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Focus DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

8. DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

9. Foundation - 1 Population biology: a study of biological populations of organisms, especially in terms of biodiversity, evolution, and environmental biology. Endangered Species Act (1973) Northern Spotted Owl Salmon http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Filson.html DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

10. Foundations - 2 Island Biogeography: Number of species present = f(rate of immigration & rate of extinction) DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions ‘Mainland’ ‘Island’ Size Time Environment Climate Change Core Corridor Fragmentation Connectivity Mountains

11. Foundation - 3 The worst thing that can happen during the 1980s is not energy depletion, economic collapse, limited nuclear war, or conquest by a totalitarian government. As terrible as these catastrophes would be for us, they can be repaired within a few generations. The one process ongoing in the 1980s that will take millions of years to correct is the loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats. This is the folly that our descendents are least likely to forgive us. –E.O. Wilson 1985 DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

12. DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

13. Conceptual Background Example: Easter Island Resilience Theory DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

14. Hypothesized examples of collapse Example from Jared Diamond’s (2006) book: “Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed” (e.g., Easter Island) Loss of the forest (over utilization) DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

15. Agricultural Systems In order to maintain simplified biological systems, one must use extensive quantities of energy –Water –Fuel –Fertilizers –Pesticides –Intensity: Erosion DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

16. Global Loss of Soil World is losing 1% of its arable land each year DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

17. Critical are the rates of erosion Need for low tillage farming Montgomery, D.R. 2007. PNAS 104: 13268 Stable geological crust DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

18. DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

19. DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

20. Bottom line Population Consumption View of nature Solutions I = P x A x T DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

21. Based upon the article you read in the Science Policy section of Science, is the following statement 1.True 2.False For NW Africa, whale feeding is having a huge effect of fish biomass.

22. What was observed for NW Africa and the Caribbean regarding the impact of whale feeding on fish biomass can be applied to whales everywhere 1.True 2.False 3.Not enough data to know

23. Solutions Ex-situ (off-site) conservation: Arboreta, zoos, plant collections, seed banks DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions In-situ conservation: Preserves, reserves –Choices: Single large or several small. –Working farms and forests Restoration

24. The Henslow's Sparrow Photo by Merilee Janusz Upland Sandpiper Photo by Dave Spleha Eastern Meadowlark Photo by Gene Oleynik Protecting Grassland Birds in Illinois - Sandar Toth DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

25. Small Reserves Focus on ‘hot spots’ DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

26. Example DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

27. Large Reserves Uncertainty Anticipate climate change Provides latitudinal and elevational opportunities for migration Three examples –Y to Y –Panda reserves in the eastern Himalayas –Australia DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

28. Concept Umbrella/ Keystone species Food chain and trophic pyramid DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

29. Cute Pictures

30. Pluie, the Wandering Wolf Penelope Pierce, US Regional Director http://wolfquest.org DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

31. Epic Journey DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

32. The Y to Y A corridor of connected protected areas Effort: Identification of –Prime habitat –Areas at risk DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions http://www.y2y.net/

33. Detail: Road Ecology Montana State University University California - Davis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50BvDQnztEU DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions

34. More Alternative (s) Restoration Working environments (agriculture, grazing and forestry) (example: Cascade Land Conservancy ). DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions http://www.cascadeland.org/

35. DefinitionHistoryFocus on BiodiversitySolutions