1. A RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Mahajan Nikhil P. Nirma University

2. INDEX  History  Definition  Overview  Branches  Application

3. A RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent.  Its task is using computers to understand human intelligence.  ability to achieve goals in the world.  Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.

4. W HEN DID AI RESEARCH START ?  After WWII, the English mathematician Alan Turing may have been the first. He gave a lecture on it in 1947.  He also may have been the first to decide that AI was best researched by programming computers rather than by building machines.  By the late 1950s, there were many researchers on AI, on programming computer.  The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

5. HISTORY  1950-1960 draughts-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.  1960-1970 1960s and 1970s Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating limits of simple neural nets and Alain Colmerauer developed the Prolog computer language.

6. HISTORY  1980 onwards In 1974 Paul John Werbos describe algorithm for ai programming. Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer, beat Garry Kasparov in a famous six-game match in 1997.

7. O VERVIEW OF A RTIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE (1)  Artificial intelligence systems The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence

8. O VERVIEW OF A RTIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE (2)  Intelligent behavior Learn from experience Apply knowledge acquired from experience Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is missing Determine what is important React quickly and correctly to a new situation Understand visual images Process and manipulate symbols Be creative and imaginative

9. B RANCHES OF AI (1)  Perceptive system A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects  Vision system Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures  Robotics Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision  Expert system Stores knowledge and makes inferences

10. B RANCHES OF AI (2)  Learning system Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback  Natural language processing Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English  Neural network Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain

11. W HAT SHOULD WE STUDY BEFORE OR WHILE LEARNING AI?  Study mathematics, especially mathematical logic.  study psychology and the physiology of the nervous system  C, Lisp and Prolog  good idea to learn one basic machine language  C++ and Java

12. A PPLICATION OF AI  games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers.  expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)  natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages.  neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains  robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

13. I SN ' T AI ABOUT SIMULATING HUMAN INTELLIGENCE ?  Not always, machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods.  most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals.

14. W HAT IS THE T URING TEST ?  Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence discussed conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent.  The Turing test is a one-sided test. A machine that passes the test should certainly be considered intelligent, but a machine could still be considered intelligent without knowing enough about humans to imitate a human.

15. W HAT ABOUT IQ? D O COMPUTER PROGRAMS HAVE IQ S ?  No. IQ is based on the rates at which intelligence develops in children. It is the ratio of the age at which a child normally makes a certain score to the child's age.  But, computers that can score high on IQ tests would be weakly correlated with their usefulness.

16. A I IN ROBOTICS ASIMO IN DIFFERENT ECTIVITY  ASIMO is a humanoid robot created by Honda Motor Companyhumanoid robotHonda Motor Company  ASIMO USES 802.11 wireless technologies

17. HISTORY OF HONDA ASIMO ASIMO is 11th in a line of successive bipedal humanoid models created by Honda, starting with E0 in 1986 and with ASIMO being the latest design.

18. ASIMO  ASIMO is not an autonomous robot. It can't enter a room and make decisions on its own about how to navigate. ASIMO either has to be programmed to do a specific job in a specific area that has markers that it understands, or it has to be manually controlled by a human.  ASIMO can be controlled by four methods: I. PC II. Wireless controller (sort of like a joystick) I. Gestures II. Voice commands

19. U SES OF ASIMO  ASIMO can do with people: execute functions appropriately based on the user's customer data; greet visitors, informing personnel of the visitor's arrival by transmitting messages and pictures of the visitor's face; guide visitors to a predetermined location, etc.  ASIMO can do in networking: Accessing information via the Internet, ASIMO can become a provider of news and weather updates, for example, ready to answer people's questions, etc.

20. COMPARISONS BETWEEN HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTELLIGENCE  Human Speed, short term memory, and the ability to form accurate and retrievable long term memories.  Computer Computer programs have plenty of speed and memory but their abilities correspond to the intellectual mechanisms that program designers understand well enough to put in programs.

21. U SES OF AI IN OUR WORLD (1)  Robotics  Credit granting  Information management and retrieval  AI and expert systems embedded in products  Hospitals and medical facilities  Help desks and assistance

22. U SES OF AI IN OUR WORLD (2)  Employee performance evaluation  Loan analysis  Virus detection  Marketing  Repair and maintenance  Gamming

23. ORGANIZATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE CONCERNED WITH AI(1)  The American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), the European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI) and the Society for Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior (AISB) are scientific societies concerned with AI research. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) has a special interest group on artificial intelligence SIGART. The American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI)Society for Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior (AISB) SIGART

24. ORGANIZATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE CONCERNED WITH AI (2) The International Joint Conference on AI (IJCAI) The International Joint Conference on AI (IJCAI) is the main international conference. The AAAI runs a US National Conference on AI. Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, and Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, and IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence are four of the main journals publishing AI research papers.AAAI Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Journal of Artificial Intelligence ResearchIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

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