1. Bates Technical College T 3 Thermal Imager Orientation

2. Special Thanks to Gary Simpson of Bullard Thermal Imaging Cameras for his help on this presentation.

3. Primary Objectives Identify and Understand : 1. The features and operating procedures for the Bullard Thermal Imagers 2. The technology and basic theory associated with thermal imaging 3. The emergency response applications for thermal imaging technology

4. TI Features & Operating Procedures  What should you know about the imager ?  What about cleaning & maintenance?  What about the accessories ?

5. T 3 Overview  Familiarization  Operating Procedures Battery Charging & Changing Battery Charging & Changing Activating the Unit Activating the Unit  Cleaning & Maintenance

6. Familiarization LCD Display On/Off Button Battery Indicator Battery Release Battery Lens & Bezel w/Cover Window

7. Operating Procedures  Battery Charging connect the AC or DC power supply to the charger connect the AC or DC power supply to the charger place a battery in the charger, the center LED should turn red. Leave until the LED turns green place a battery in the charger, the center LED should turn red. Leave until the LED turns green Charge Times : 1 battery +/- 90 minutes, Charge Times : 1 battery +/- 90 minutes, (direct charge) 2 batteries +/- 90 minutes

8. Operating Procedures  Battery Changing to remove, push in both battery release buttons and slide the battery forward to remove, push in both battery release buttons and slide the battery forward to reinstall, align the battery with the housing grooves to reinstall, align the battery with the housing grooves slide the battery back until it locks in place slide the battery back until it locks in place

9. Operating Time : 2 hours 30 minutes Operating Procedures  Activating the Unit place a fully charged battery in the unit place a fully charged battery in the unit push in the grey On / Off button push in the grey On / Off button wait 5 seconds for the display to appear wait 5 seconds for the display to appear  Deactivating the Unit push in the grey On / Off button push in the grey On / Off button

10.  “Shutter” the unit has an automated “shutter”, which is used to auto- calibrate or zero the unit the unit has an automated “shutter”, which is used to auto- calibrate or zero the unit the “shutter” will “fire” or close at a varied rate, approx. every 60 seconds the “shutter” will “fire” or close at a varied rate, approx. every 60 seconds when the shutter fires, the image on the display will freeze for 1-2 seconds. when the shutter fires, the image on the display will freeze for 1-2 seconds. when the unit goes in and out of “EI Mode” the “shutter” will also fire. when the unit goes in and out of “EI Mode” the “shutter” will also fire. Operating Procedures

11.  “EI Mode” all contrast / gain controls on the unit are automated all contrast / gain controls on the unit are automated the unit has 2 levels of operation, normal mode for scenes with low temperatures, and “EI Mode” for scenes with elevated temperatures the unit has 2 levels of operation, normal mode for scenes with low temperatures, and “EI Mode” for scenes with elevated temperatures when the unit views an object above 300º F (approx.) it will shift into “EI Mode”. when the unit views an object above 300º F (approx.) it will shift into “EI Mode”. the unit will remain in “EI Mode” for a 30 seconds or until it is no longer viewing a hot object the unit will remain in “EI Mode” for a 30 seconds or until it is no longer viewing a hot object when the unit goes in and out of “EI Mode” the “shutter“ will fire, freezing the screen for a second. when the unit goes in and out of “EI Mode” the “shutter“ will fire, freezing the screen for a second. Operating Procedures

12. Cleaning & Maintenance Cleaning & Maintenance  Mild soap & water with a cloth or soft bristle brush should be used for cleaning  Isopropyl Alcohol may be used on “stubborn” stains  Polycarbonate LCD cover, Straps, and Rubber Bumpers are field replaceable  For any other service issues return the unit to Bullard

13. T 3 Accessories “Powerhouse” – standard DC powered vehicle mount Components:  Back Mounting Plate  Mounting Hardware  Latch Spring  Hard Wire DC Power Cord  “Powerhouse” TI Holder & Battery Charger

14. Intro to Thermal Imaging Technology  What is thermal imaging ?  How does a thermal imager work ?  What about infrared energy ?  What about using the thermal imager ?

15. What is Thermal Imaging ?  Thermal Imaging is : the detection of Infrared Radiation the detection of Infrared Radiation the translation of the detected energy levels into a viewable image the translation of the detected energy levels into a viewable image  It is a way to look at the “Heat Signature” of an object or person

16. Historical Perspective Historical Perspective  Technology was developed for the military in the 1960s  “America Burning Study” identified thermal imaging technology in 1972  Fire Service use began in Europe in the mid 1980’s  FDNY placed their first units in service in 1985  Military declassified 2nd and 3rd generation technology in 1992  Widespread use in the US began in 1996

17. What is Infrared Radiation ?  Infrared radiation is a portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum  It is a form of energy that we perceive as heat

18. Where does IR come from ?  Infrared Radiation comes from anything with molecular activity  Infrared emitters are broken down into 3 categories based on the amount of energy emitted Passive : primarily absorb and dissipate IR energy from active or direct emitters (inanimate objects) Passive : primarily absorb and dissipate IR energy from active or direct emitters (inanimate objects) Active : emit IR energy in low to medium strength and varying intervals (living organisms) Active : emit IR energy in low to medium strength and varying intervals (living organisms) Direct : constant high strength IR energy emitters (energy sources) Direct : constant high strength IR energy emitters (energy sources)

19. Imagers  Image Intensifiers vs. Infrared Detectors Image Intensifiers (I 2 ) amplify existing visible light Image Intensifiers (I 2 ) amplify existing visible light Infrared Detectors view IR sources regardless of the visible light conditions Infrared Detectors view IR sources regardless of the visible light conditions Image IntensifierInfrared Detector

20. Image Display  Hottest Objects : White or Light Shades  Coolest Objects : Black or Darker Shades  Display is relative to the area viewed

21. Thermal Imaging Principles  IR Principles  Heat / Energy Principles  Image Interpretation

22. IR Principles  Infrared Radiation can be : Emitted Emitted Absorbed Absorbed Emitted Again Emitted Again Reflected Reflected BST FOOTAGE

23. IR Principles Heat ConditionsSearch & Rescue Haz-Mat Recon

24. IR Principles  Reflections Infrared Radiation can be reflected by a number of surfaces Infrared Radiation can be reflected by a number of surfaces These can include : Glass, Water, Mirrors, and Shiny Surfaces These can include : Glass, Water, Mirrors, and Shiny Surfaces Reflection

25. IR Principles Fire AttackOutdoor Search Overhaul

26. IR Principles  Glass IR will not penetrate glass, however heated glass will show up lighter in color IR will not penetrate glass, however heated glass will show up lighter in color  Water IR will not penetrate water, some penetration may occur in a fog or mist IR will not penetrate water, some penetration may occur in a fog or mist  Steam IR may or may not penetrate steam depending on it’s density IR may or may not penetrate steam depending on it’s density

27. Energy / Heat Principles  Energy or heat can travel or be transferred by : Conduction Conduction Convection Convection Radiation Radiation  Different materials and forms of building construction can vary greatly in how they impact energy transfer * It is critical to understand how heat or energy is transferred so that when heat is identified the source can be determined. heat is identified the source can be determined. * It is also critical to understand how heat or energy is transferred so that a heat or energy source is not underestimated. heat or energy source is not underestimated.

28. Energy / Heat Principles  Conduction Occurs in a solid or liquid, a heat source is in direct contact with the material and transfers energy directly through it. Occurs in a solid or liquid, a heat source is in direct contact with the material and transfers energy directly through it. Is readily identified with the TI especially with good conductors such as metals Is readily identified with the TI especially with good conductors such as metals Examples : Examples : fire in contact with a metal pipefire in contact with a metal pipe heats the pipe and transfers energy down the length of it. IFSTA

29. Energy / Heat Principles  Convection Occurs in gases, an energy source will heat the gases which will carry or transfer the energy on air currents Occurs in gases, an energy source will heat the gases which will carry or transfer the energy on air currents Not always identified with the TI. Gases which have heavy particle content (like carbon in smoke) and superheated gases are more likely to show the energy Not always identified with the TI. Gases which have heavy particle content (like carbon in smoke) and superheated gases are more likely to show the energy Example : Example :

30. Energy / Heat Principles  Radiation Occurs through air, energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves which travels through the air and transfers the energy to objects as it strikes them. Occurs through air, energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves which travels through the air and transfers the energy to objects as it strikes them. Easily identified with the TI at the source and on objects where the heat has been transferred, but cannot be seen as it travels through the air Easily identified with the TI at the source and on objects where the heat has been transferred, but cannot be seen as it travels through the air Example Example

31.  Thermal Contrast how well objects stand out from one another, related to detector sensitivity and the variance of temperature in objects being viewed how well objects stand out from one another, related to detector sensitivity and the variance of temperature in objects being viewed High Contrast High Contrast Background and victim are distinct shades Low Contrast Background is faded together, victim is all the same shade Image Interpretation

32.  Thermal Inversion Occurs when an object changes shade, even though its temperature has not, due to changing environmental conditions Occurs when an object changes shade, even though its temperature has not, due to changing environmental conditions Background is light, versus dark, due to heating by fire Firefighter is dark, versus light, due to high surrounding heat conditions Image Interpretation

33.  Thermal Saturation Not the same as “White Out” Not the same as “White Out” Occurs when objects absorb as much energy as possible and radiate the energy back creating an even temperature and an almost completely white image Occurs when objects absorb as much energy as possible and radiate the energy back creating an even temperature and an almost completely white image An “All White” image can occur during or after a fire An “All White” image can occur during or after a fire

34. Image Interpretation  Judging Temperature – T 3 Units Shifting into “EI Mode” Shifting into “EI Mode” Comparisons, Common Sense, and Firefighting Basics Comparisons, Common Sense, and Firefighting Basics * Comparisons should be made between similar objects when possible

35. Emergency Response / EMS  Scene Assessment  Hazard Identification  Victim Identification  Patient Assessment Limited Only By Your Imagination ! Thermal Imaging Applications

36. Scene Assessment Scene Assessment  Scene Assessment - Objectives 1. Regain vision in total darkness, fog, smoke 2. Gain information unavailable to the naked eye

37. Hazard Identification  Hazard Identification - Objectives 1. Identify heat, fire, and ignition Sources 2. Evaluate presence of hazardous materials 3. Determine extent of mechanical or electrical hazards

38. Victim Identification Victim Identification  Victim Identification - Objectives 1. Regain vision in total darkness, fog, smoke 2. Gain information unavailable to the naked eye

39. Patient Assessment  Patient Assessment - Objectives 1. Locate amputated body parts 2. Identify areas of heat, indicating injury 3. Evaluate hypothermia or frostbite

40. Thermal Imaging Applications

41. Size Up  Size Up High Heat Levels shows fire & heat throughout structure Heat In Attic shows advancing fire conditions BST FOOTAGE

42. Size Up  Size Up “Haloing” Occurring Around Window which would make it Hottest Spot most likely the seat of the fire BST FOOTAGE

43. Thermal Imaging Applications

44. Search & Rescue  Search & Rescue - Key Points Constantly scan and evaluate all areas using a “6 sided” approach (ceiling, 4 walls, floor). Constantly scan and evaluate all areas using a “6 sided” approach (ceiling, 4 walls, floor). DO NOT forget to maintain a physical reference point, by using a rope, hoseline, or staying on an exterior wall. Never rely on an imager 100 percent to identify your way out DO NOT forget to maintain a physical reference point, by using a rope, hoseline, or staying on an exterior wall. Never rely on an imager 100 percent to identify your way out

45. Search & Rescue  Search & Rescue  Identify Victims by scanning each area and looking for : obvious form of victimobvious form of victim unrecognizable form that could be a victimunrecognizable form that could be a victim areas that could contain a victim such as a bed, closet, or debris fieldareas that could contain a victim such as a bed, closet, or debris field LightShades DarkShades * Remember not all victims will have a recognizable form or recognizable color * Clothing, bedding, or debris can all mask a victim’s heat / IR signature BST FOOTAGE

46. Search & Rescue

47. Thermal Imaging Applications

48. Fire Attack  Fire Attack BST FOOTAGE

49. Fire Attack  Fire Attack - Key Points High Heat DANGER ! Firefighter w/ TI directing F. F. w/ hose Dark Area indicating water is cooling Light Area indicating water is not cooling

50. Fire Attack  Fire Attack –  Identify convected heat which can indicate : Extent of fire conditionsExtent of fire conditions Location of the fireLocation of the fire Potential for Rollover or Flashover existsPotential for Rollover or Flashover exists BST FOOTAGE

51. Fire Attack  Fire Attack  Identify fire conditions hidden by building construction The video illustrates : studs and void spacesstuds and void spaces recognizable fire patternrecognizable fire pattern Fire growth & extensionFire growth & extension * Remember certain types of heavier building construction or * Remember certain types of heavier building construction or multiple layers of materials can mask heat or fire conditions multiple layers of materials can mask heat or fire conditions BST FOOTAGE

52. Thermal Imaging Applications

53.  Ventilation  Identify the areas of greatest heat concentration Remember, an imager can not see through solid objects, but can identify heat transferred through or around the materials. Remember, an imager can not see through solid objects, but can identify heat transferred through or around the materials. Remember, heat levels can appear differently based on the type of building construction being viewed. Remember, heat levels can appear differently based on the type of building construction being viewed. Ventilation

54. Thermal Imaging Applications

55. Overhaul  Overhaul T-3 FOOTAGE

56. Overhaul  Overhaul –  Identify construction features & hidden fire The video illustrates : studs and void spacesstuds and void spaces recognizable fire patternrecognizable fire pattern Fire growth & extensionFire growth & extension T 3 FOOTAGE

57. Overhaul  Overhaul * Remember thermal imagers are very sensitive * Use additional features to judge heat conditions

58. Thermal Imaging Applications

59. Haz Mat  Haz Mat –  Identify product levels Product levels can only be determined with solids and liquids, NOT GASESProduct levels can only be determined with solids and liquids, NOT GASES Product level will only be visible when the material inside the container has affected the external surface temperature of the container.Product level will only be visible when the material inside the container has affected the external surface temperature of the container.

60. Haz Mat  Haz Mat Identify product levels Identify product levels The video illustrates : product level is clear on the container to the leftproduct level is clear on the container to the left no product level is visible on the container to the right which could indicate it is empty or too insulated to show a product levelno product level is visible on the container to the right which could indicate it is empty or too insulated to show a product level If the containers are compared the one on the right would be empty, but only identical containers should be comparedIf the containers are compared the one on the right would be empty, but only identical containers should be compared BST FOOTAGE

61. Haz Mat

62.  Haz Mat  Identify product movement Will only identify materials on the surface of waterWill only identify materials on the surface of water Will only identify gaseous clouds when there is contamination or a temperature differenceWill only identify gaseous clouds when there is contamination or a temperature difference Will only identify solids or liquids on the ground when there is a temperature difference.Will only identify solids or liquids on the ground when there is a temperature difference. Release Point Direction of Flow

63. Haz Mat

64. Thermal Imaging Applications

65. Wildland  Wildland Firefighting  Identify fire lines and reaming hot spots Place imager in an aircraft, or elevated platform when possiblePlace imager in an aircraft, or elevated platform when possible Use wireless transmitter feature to relay information to commandUse wireless transmitter feature to relay information to command

66. Thermal Imaging Applications

67. Firefighter Safety  Firefighter Safety : Key Issues Remember ! You have to look at it, You have to interpret it The imager can not do it for you! Maintain a point of reference! BST FOOTAGE

68. Thanks To The Following  The following individuals have contributed information to this presentation and the overall understanding of thermal imaging in the Fire Service. SAFE-IR SAFE-IR B. Athanas B. Knabbe G. Rusinski S. Woodworth M. West Bourbon County FD, KY Charlottesville FD, VA E.K.U. Fire & Safety, KY Enterprise FD, AL Fairhope FD, AL Nassau County FD, FL Paris FD, KY Axis Fire Supply, FL J. Montgomery