1. 1700-1900

2. Industrial Revolution Time Line 1712Newcomen steam engine is used to pump water from a coal mine. 1733John Kay invents the flying shuttle. 1764James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny. 1769Richard Arkwright patents the water frame. James Watt patents a more efficient version of the Newcomen steam engine. 1779Samuel Crompton perfects the spinning mule. 1784Arthur Young establishes the Annals of Agriculture. 1785Edmund Cartwright patents a power loom. 1793Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin.

3. Industrial Revolution Time Line 1807Robert Fulton’s steamboat, the Clermont, goes into service on the Hudson River. 1830George Stephenson’s locomotive, the Rocket, operates successfully on the Liverpool to Manchester railroad. 1834Cyrus McCormick patents the reaper. 1836Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph. 1840Samuel Cunard begins regular transatlantic steamship passenger service. Great Britain inaugurates the penny post. 1856Henry Bessemer develops the Bessemer converter.

4. Industrial Revolution Time Line 1859The first commercially successful oil well is drilled in Pennsylvania. 1866The Siemens brothers develop the open-hearth process of steelmaking. Cyrus Field lays the first successful transatlantic cable. 1876Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. 1879Thomas A. Edison invents the incandescent light bulb. 1892Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine. 1899Guglielmo Marconi transmits a wireless message across the English Channel. 1903The Wright brothers make the first successful airplane flights.

5. The Agricultural Revolution

6. Preceded and accompanied the industrial revolution. Great Britain led the way.

7. The Agricultural Revolution Development of scientific agriculture Jethro Tull (1674-1741) developed the seed drill: –A device that planted seeds in neat rows. Viscount Townshend (1725-1767) introduced crop rotation: –Advocated planting clover and/or turnips to nourish soil and provide livestock food.

8. The Agricultural Revolution Robert Bakewell (1725-1795): scientific breeding of cattle and sheep. Inventions of farm machinery –McCormick’s reaper, 1834. New crops

9. The Agricultural Revolution The Enclosure Movement –Aristocrats and gentry enclosed common land by building fences and stone walls, and planting hedges. Ended the practice of providing free access to grazing lands and woodlands. –Increased number of large and medium-sized farms, as well as the production of food. –Peasants often became farm laborers. –Displaced peasants migrated to towns to find employment in factories.

10. The Industrial Revolution Factors of Great Britain’s leadership. –Ample resources of coal and iron. –Available capital for investment. –World market sales experience. –Pro-industrial government policies.

11. The Cotton Textile Industry. First to experience the application of power- driven machinery on a wide scale. Invention of machinery. –Flying shuttle: by John Kay in 1733. –Spinning jenny: by James Hargreaves in mid 1760s.

12. Cotton textile machinery (cont’d.) Water frame: Richard Arkwright, 1769. Produced a stronger, though coarser, thread than that made by the jenny. Mule: Samuel Crompton, 1779. Combined best features of the jenny and the water frame and produced thread that was both fine and strong. Power loom: Edmund Cartwright, 1785.

13. Cotton textile machinery (cont’d.) Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, 1793. Answered the demand for raw cotton by creating a device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber. Precision parts: increased operational efficiency of the new machines and led to: Standardized, interchangeable parts for industrial machinery.

14. Cotton textile machinery (cont’d.) Rolling press: 1780s. Replaced the hand- operated plates that had previously been used for the printing of textiles.

15. The Factory System. Larger, more complex machinery resulted in the move from small workshops and cottage-based industry to factories. –Luddites.

16. Development of the Steam Engine. Steam: a dependable and efficient source of power for industrial machinery. –Newcomen engine, 1712, wasted fuel. –James Watt, 1769, patented a more efficient steam engine.

17. Coal, Iron, and Steel. Coal: Steam engine pumped water out and powered ventilating fans that pushed fresh air into mines. –Safety lamp. Iron: Coal provided fuel to power steam engines, which powered blast furnaces, which produced purer, stronger iron. Stronger iron made possible the manufacture of more efficient steam engines.

18. Coal, Iron, and Steel. Steel: more flexible and stronger than iron. –Bessemer converter, 1856, invented by Henry Bessemer, was the 1st efficient method for mass production of steel. –Open-hearth process of steelmaking, 1866, invented by William Siemens.

19. The Revolution in Transportation Roads and Canals. –1815, John McAdam, developed a durable road surface made of crushed stone cemented by stone dust and water. –1869, Suez Canal, linking Mediterranean and Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea, opened to shipping.

20. Railroads Development of the steam engine and improvement in the quality of iron led to the creation of railroads. George Stephenson, 1825, put a steam locomotive into operation in England. –The Rocket. 1830: only a few miles of railroad in all of Europe. 1870: Euro railway mileage totaled 900,000.

21. Steamships 1807, Robert Fulton, introduced the Clermont, the first economically successful steamship. 1840, Samuel Cunard, started regular passenger service by steamship from Liverpool to Boston. 1/2 the available space aboard ship was occupied with coal.

22. Electricity and Petroleum Thomas Edison –1879, developed the 1st successful incandescent electric light bulb. –1882, designed a plan for construction of central electric power stations. –Electricity was used increasingly to power industrial machinery.

23. The Use of Oil for Power 1859, 1st commercially important oil well drilled in PA. 1892, Rudolf Diesel, patented an engine that burned oil directly in its cylinders to produce power, instead of using it to make steam.

24. The Automobile 1880s, Gottlieb Daimler used a gasoline motor to power a bicycle. 1885, Karl Friedrich Benz developed a water-cooled internal combustion engine with electric ignition.

25. Aviation Late 1700s, hot air balloon invented in France. 1900, Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin built the 1st efficient dirigible, a powered balloon. 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the 1st successful flights in an airplane (heavier than air).

26. The Revolution in Communications The Telegraph –1836, Samuel F. B. Morse invented the telegraph. –1851, telegraph cable laid beneath the English Channel, linking Great Britain with the continent. –1866, Cyrus Field laid the 1st transatlantic cable joining the US and Great Britain.

27. The Revolution in Communications Mail Delivery –1840, Great Britain introduced the penny post, the 1st modern postal system. –1874, the International Postal Union was established to regulate international mail delivery.

28. The Revolution in Communications The Telephone –1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. –1877, Bell Telephone was founded. –1884, telephone service between NY and Boston. –1890s, a telephone network was taking shape in Europe.

29. The Revolution in Communications The Radio –1899, Guglielmo Marconi sent a message across the English Channel. –1901, Marconi sent a message across the Atlantic. –Radio, the wireless transmission of voices and music, developed largely on research undertaken by Sir John Fleming and Lee de Forest. –Regularly scheduled broadcasts after WWI.

30. Banking, Credit, and Business Organization Limited Liability –Joint stock principle applied to banks and industrial enterprises. –Investors would share in profits proportionate to the amount of stock owned. –Investors were liable only for the amount they had invested. –Creditors of a bankrupt enterprise could not demand additional payments from investors.

31. The Human Cost of Industrialization Early stages of industrialization –Men, women, and children worked 12 to 18 hours for very low wages. –Unsafe, unhealthy factories. –Crowded slum living, without adequate sewage, a safe supply of water, educational opportunities, and access to health care. –Poverty brought into sharp focus, promoting the growth of demands for reform.