1. Leaving Certificate Geography Course What we’ve covered and what we’ve to complete: Physical Geography Regional Geography Human Geography Chapter 1: Population Chapter 2: Overpopulation Chapter 3: Settlement Chapter 4: Migration Chapter 5: Urban Problems Chapter 6: Urban Settlement and Planning Issues Geoecology Chapter 9: Biomes Chapter 7:Soils Chapter 8: Soil Characteristics Chapter 10: Human Interaction with Biomes Field Study Fill into exam booklet week of orals

2. Migration Changing migration patterns in Ireland Migration policy in Ireland Migration policy in the EU Migration impact & issues 4 Migration

3. Chapter 4: Migration Migration  Emigrant: a person who leaves a country  Immigrant: a person who comes to live in a country  Donor region: source area  Receiver region: destination  Refugee: Someone who is migrating because of fear of persecution.  Asylum seeker: applies for refugee status in receiver country  IDP_ Internally displaced person: someone forced to move within their own country

4. Types of Migration 1.Forced Migration- kidnapping,persecution,famine, war, natural disaster 2.Organised Migration- plantations and colonisation 3.Voluntary Migration- migrant’s choice 4.International- between countries 5.Intra-national- Internal

6. Chapter 4: Migration Migration  Pushed from donor countries  Lack of work, famine, war  Pulled to host/receiver countries  Job opportunities, freedom from danger, climate, better standard of living, education  Barriers prevent move.  poverty, cost, migration policies, visa laws, fear, distance,

7. Changing migration patterns in Ireland  After the Famine, 1845–9  Flow of migrants from Ireland  Main destination- UK & USA  Internal migration to Leinster  Ageing population in rural areas, low marriage rates and birth rates  The Irish Free State, 1922- Economic development slow  Ireland primarily agricultural economy, investment in infrastucture required  Migration 1950s- highest since 1840s ( 408,000 c.left)  Agricultural labourers, construction workers and domestic workers sought jobs in UK/USA boom Chapter 4: Migration

9. Changing migration patterns in Ireland  Economic prosperity 1960s  Lemass Era- Foreign Investment encouraged> MNCs attracted here  Creation of employment in secondary sector  Standards of living increased.  Outward migration declined.  1966 census recorded pop growth.  1970’s EEC membership and investment  Net immigration- returning diaspora

10. Changing migration patterns in Ireland  Recession,1980s  Economic decline and high unemployment  Migrants were mostly young adults 18-25 (brain drain)  Emigration levels peaked 1986-1991 Chapter 4: Migration

11. Changing migration patterns in Ireland  1990s, Celtic Tiger  Flow of international migration reversed  More than half migrants from EU27  Demand for labour increased in construction and services  Since 1996, net immigration  Increase in cultural diversity  Up to 2003, surge in asylum applications  2004- Citizenship Referendum and change in EU law on safe country of origin  Decrease in number of applications

12. Changing Migration in Ireland Since the onset of latest recession, out-migration Job losses coincided with large government debt In 2009, 65,000 left. Highest figures since 1989 Emigrants included Irish and non-Irish nationals Collapse of housing market led to huge losses in construction sector Large percentage of migrants are male Rate of out- migration slowing pop growth

14. Migration policy in Ireland Chapter 4: Migration  Irish-born children of non-nationals & their parents not automatic citizen  Green Card, Work permit, Intra-company transfer permit, Spousal & dependent permits  Migrant & Irish workers = same rights  5+ years permanent citizenship possible  Asylum seekers can apply for refugee status  2007: stricter laws  Focus on skills in short supply

16. Chapter 4: Migration Migration policy in the EU  Migrants needed – labour shortages  1995 Schengen Agreement – free movement  Different countries still had different rules  Some countries received more migrants than others  Illegal trafficking increasing  1999 EU common law proposed 

18. © Edco 2013

20. Chapter 4: Migration Migration policy in the EU  Benefits  Reduce illegal trafficking  Help support Italy and Spain who are under pressure from large number of migrants  Make processing asylum applications easier  Make process of issuing work permits and residency universal  Problems  ‘Fortress Europe’,  Xenophobic us and them attitude  Stricter rules may put off skilled migrants 

21. Migration & Donor regions West of Ireland Demographic Impact Age and gender selective Reduced marriage rates Lower birth rates and ageing population Socio-economic Impact Brain drain Shortage of labour disincentive to investment Depop closure of services in rural areas

22. Migration impact & issues Chapter 4: Migration Impact of migration on donor & receiver countries ● Advantages for donor countries  Safety valve: reduces pressure on resources, Ireland (1980s)  Remittance: developing world countries ● Disadvantages for donor countries  Brain drain  Slows economic development, education investment reduced, loss of tax & spending  Rural depopulation  Services close, farming practices stagnate

23. Migration &Receiver Region Ireland 1996-2006 Demographic Impact Increase pop Young migrants of child bearing age Socio-Economic Boosts growth by filling gaps in job market Pressure on housing,healthcare and education CulturalEnriched diversity Xenophobia Discrimination Segregation & Ghettos Maintaining ethnic language,religion food, dress

24. Chapter 4: Migration Migration impact & issues ● Advantages of migration for receiver/host countries  Skills enrichment & labour shortages  Renewed inward investment  Labour shortages filled  2006: migrants in 50% food industry production jobs  Multi-racial society  Greater diversity, tolerance & understanding  Economic contribution  Contribute to the governmental budget

25. Chapter 4: Migration Migration impact & issues ● Disadvantages for receiver/host countries  Language barrier  Discrimination & exploitation  Lack of integration  Ghettoisation, racism & discrimination, shanty towns  Pressure on resources  Housing, educational & medical services  Xenophobia, stereotypes

26. Impact of rural to urban migration Developed world Urban sprawl Air pollution Traffic congestion Water quality Services under pressure Case Study: Dublin Solutions: New towns NSS Transport 21 Urban renewal and redevelopment Developing world Shanty towns/bustees Air pollution Traffic congestion Waste disposal Absence of services Case Study: Mumbai Solutions: Community/gov initiatives to improve living conditions in slums Upgrading infrastructure Investment in transport Decentralisation