1. Lecture 4 Longitudinal Dynamics I Professor Emmanuel Tsesmelis Directorate Office, CERN Department of Physics, University of Oxford ACAS School for Accelerator Physics 2012 Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne November/December 2012

2. Contents – Lecture 4 Basic Synchrotron Equations Momentum Compaction Dispersion What is Transition? RF Systems Longitudinal Phase Space Chromaticity 2

3. 3 Motion in Longitudinal Plane What happens when particle momentum increases?  particles follow longer orbit (fixed B-field)  particles travel faster (initially) How does the revolution frequency change with the momentum ? Change in orbit length Change in velocity But Momentum compaction factor Therefore:

4. Momentum Compaction Factor The change in orbit with the changing momentum means that the average length of the orbit will also depend on the beam momentum. This is expressed as the momentum compaction factor, α p, where: α p relates the change in the length of radius of the closed orbit for a change in momentum. 4

5. 5 The Frequency - Momentum Relation Special relativity theory  But fixed by the quadrupoles varies with momentum (E = E 0  )

6. 6 Transition Low momentum (  << 1,   1) The revolution frequency increases as momentum increases High momentum (   1,  >> 1) The revolution frequency decreases as momentum increases Behaviour of a particle in a constant magnetic field. For one particular momentum or energy we have: This particular energy is called the Transition energy

7. 7 The Frequency Slip Factor  positive Below transitionTransition  zero Above transition  negative  Found earlier: Transition is very important in proton machines. In the PS machine:  tr  6 GeV/c Transition does not exist in leptons machines. Why?

8. Dispersion (1) Different energy or momentum particles have different radii of curvature (r) in the main dipoles. These particles no longer pass through the quadrupoles at the same radial position. Quadrupoles act as dipoles for different momentum particles. Closed orbits for different momentum particles are different. This horizontal displacement is expressed as the dispersion function D(s). D(s) is a function of ‘s’ exactly as β(s) is a function of ‘s’. Until now have assumed that beam has no energy or momentum spread: 8

9. Dispersion (2) The displacement due to the change in momentum at any position (s) is given by: D(s) the dispersion function, is calculated from the lattice, and has the unit of meters. The beam will have a finite horizontal size due to its momentum spread. Normally, have no vertical dipoles, and so D(s)=0 in the vertical plane. Local radial displacement due to momentum spread Dispersion function 9

10. 10 Radio Frequency System Hadron machines:  Accelerate / Decelerate beams  Beam shaping  Beam measurements  Increase luminosity in hadron colliders Lepton machines:  Accelerate beams  Compensate for energy loss due to synchrotron radiation. (see lecture on Synchrotron Radiation)

11. 11 RF Cavity To accelerate charged particles we need a longitudinal electric field. Magnetic fields deflect particles, but do not accelerate them. Particles Vacuum chamber Insulator (ceramic) If the voltage is DC then there is no acceleration beyond V max ! V volts Use an Oscillating Voltage with the right frequency.

12. 12 Single Particle in Longitudinal Electric Field Low energy particle in oscillating voltage of the cavity. 1 st revolution period V time 2 nd revolution period V Set the oscillation frequency so that the period is exactly equal to one revolution period of the particle.

13. 13 Second particle added to first one… Lets see what a second low energy particle, which arrives later in the cavity, does with respect to our first particle. 1 st revolution period V time ~ 20 th revolution period VA B A B B arrives late in the cavity w.r.t. A B sees a higher voltage than A and will therefore be accelerated After many turns B approaches A B is still late in the cavity w.r.t. A B still sees a higher voltage and is still being accelerated

14. 14 What happens after many turns? 1 st revolution period V time A B

15. 15 100 th revolution period V time A B

16. 16 200 th revolution period V time A B What happens after many turns?

17. 17 400 th revolution period V time A B What happens after many turns?

18. 18 500 th revolution period V time A B What happens after many turns?

19. 19 600 th revolution period V time A B What happens after many turns?

20. 20 700 th revolution period V time A B What happens after many turns?

21. 21 800 th revolution period V time A B What happens after many turns?

22. 22 900 th revolution period V time A B What happens after many turns?

23. 23 Synchrotron Oscillations Particle B has made one full oscillation around particle A. The amplitude depends on the initial phase. This oscillation is called: 900 th revolution period V time A B Exactly like the pendulum Synchrotron Oscillation

24. 24 The Potential Well (1) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

25. 25 The Potential Well (2) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

26. 26 The Potential Well (3) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

27. 27 The Potential Well (4) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

28. 28 The Potential Well (5) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

29. 29 The Potential Well (6) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

30. 30 The Potential Well (7) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

31. 31 The Potential Well (8) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

32. 32 The Potential Well (9) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

33. 33 The Potential Well (10) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

34. 34 The Potential Well (11) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

35. 35 The Potential Well (12) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

36. 36 The Potential Well (13) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

37. 37 The Potential Well (14) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

38. 38 The Potential Well (15) Cavity voltage Potential well A B

39. 39 Longitudinal Phase Space In order to be able to visualize the motion in the longitudinal plane define the longitudinal phase space (as for the transverse phase space) EE  t (or  )

40. 40 Phase Space Motion (1) Particle B oscillates around particle A  This is synchrotron oscillation Plotting this motion in longitudinal phase space gives:  t (or  ) EE higher energy late arrival lower energy early arrival

41. 41 Phase Space Motion (2) Particle B oscillates around particle A  This is synchrotron oscillation Plotting this motion in longitudinal phase space gives:  t (or  ) EE higher energy late arrival lower energy early arrival

42. 42 Phase Space Motion (3) Particle B oscillates around particle A  This is synchrotron oscillation Plotting this motion in longitudinal phase space gives:  t (or  ) EE higher energy late arrival lower energy early arrival

43. 43 Phase Space Motion (4) Particle B oscillates around particle A  This is synchrotron oscillation Plotting this motion in longitudinal phase space gives:  t (or  ) EE higher energy late arrival lower energy early arrival

44. Chromaticity The focusing strength of quadrupoles depends on the beam momentum, ‘p’ But Q depends on the ‘k’ of the quadrupoles Therefore, spread in momentum causes spread in focusing strength The constant  is called : Chromaticity 44

45. Chromaticity Visualized The chromaticity relates the tune spread of the transverse motion with the momentum spread in the beam. p0p0 A particle with a higher momentum than the central momentum will be deviated less in the quadrupole and will have a lower betatron tune A particle with a lower momentum than the central momentum will be deviated more in the quadrupole and will have a higher betatron tune Focusing quadrupole in horizontal plane p > p 0 p < p 0 45

46. Chromaticity Calculated Remember To correct this tune spread need to increase the quadrupole focusing strength for higher momentum particles, and decrease it for lower momentum particles. This term is the Chromaticity ξ This will obtained using a Sextupole magnet. and Therefore The gradient seen by the particle depends on its momentum 46

47. Sextupole Magnets Primarily used to compensate for chromatic aberration in strongly focusing magnetic structures. Particle motion in horizontal plane coupled to vertical plane. Along x-axis field is

48. Sextupole Magnets Conventional Sextupole from LEP, but looks similar for other ‘warm’ machines. ~ 1 meter long and a few hundreds of kg. Correction Sextupole of the LHC. 11cm, 10 kg, 500A at 2K for a field of 1630 T/m 2 48

49. 49 Summary Have seen that:  The RF system forms a potential well in which the particles oscillate (synchrotron oscillation).  This motion can be described in the longitudinal phase space (energy versus time or phase).  This works for particles below transition. However,  Due to shape of the potential well, oscillation is a non-linear motion.  Phase space trajectories are therefore neither circles nor ellipses.  What happens when particles are above transition ?