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Nationalism, Imperialism Revolution, and Self- Determination: Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East….
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The Rise of Nationalism out of Imperialism Modern Nationalism born from Imperialism The source of anti-colonialist sentiment was a new urban middle class of Westernized intellectuals in colonial nations Educated in Western style schools, spent time in the West, spoke Western languages, wore Western clothes, worked in jobs connected to colonialists Resented foreigners and their contempt for colonial people but admired Western culture Equality in economic opportunity and social class lacking for western educated natives Relegated to low level jobs in government or business
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Nationalism from Imperialism Paid less than Europeans “white only” clubs, use of the familiar form of a language when addressing natives Educated natives began to organize political parties and movements seeking reforms or end of foreign rule and restoration of independence
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i.e. Gandhi and the Indian National Congress…Self- Determination First Indian nationalists were upper-class and educated Urban Preferred reform to revolution Efforts won some measure of self-government Indian National Congress, 1885 Sought self-determination for all Indians Religion will be a problem Nonviolent Resistance Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Returned from South Africa in 1915 seeking “Home-rule” and Self- Determination Satyagraha, non-violent resistance Mahatma, Great Soul…. Salt March Protest “Movement” and “Home Spun Cloth Movement”
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Gandhi and the Indian National Congress fight Imperialism, demand Self-determination Women played active role in movement 20,000 women, 10% of those arrested and jailed in demonstrations Marched, picketed foreign shops, promoted spinning and wearing homemade cloth Promoted social reforms: women’s education, birth control, abolition of child marriage, and universal suffrage
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Imperial British India…the Empire
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Nationalist Revolt in the Middle East Decline of Ottoman Empire… Birth of Turkey Mustapha Kemal and the Modernization of Turkey Colonel Mustapha Kemal (1881-1938), Atatürk Created a secular republic (Turkey) Modernized the economy, written language, and education Broke the political power of the Islamic religion in Turkey
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The Rise of Arab Nationalism and the Issue of Palestine Arabs declared independence from Ottoman rule in 1916 Mandates of the League of Nations Iraq and Jordan assigned to Britain Syria and Lebanon assigned to France Palestine was a separate mandate Balfour Declaration, 1917 created most of the modern Middle East states…..similar to the scramble for Africa Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, created 1932 Discovery of oil Jewish immigration into Palestine…Zionism
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Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and Africa Marxism initially found irrelevant Marxist view of the colonial world Lenin and anti-colonialism Nationalist leaders did not want egalitarian society Lenin and the East: Trained foreign agents to spread Marxism in their countries, Communist International, or Comintern By end of 1920s, almost every colonial or semicolonial society in Asia had a Marxist party In Middle East, Marxism had less success but appealed to urban minorities (Jews and Armenians)
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The Appeal of Communism Doctrine states that rank and file should be urban factory workers In reality, members were urban intellectuals or lower middle class attracted because of: Patriotic reasons – way to remove colonizers Egalitarian communism and classless society Secular ideology Communist parties attempted to adapt Marxist doctrine to indigenous values and institutions to gain broader appeal. Ba’ath party (Syria) “African road to socialism” In 1930s, Communist parties in most colonial societies had little success
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Revolution in China Revolutionary Marxism had greatest impact in China Chinese Communist party (CCP), 1921 General Yuan Shikai, President Ruled in traditional manner, reviving Confucian rituals and institutions, founding a new imperial dynasty Clashes with Guomindang or Nationalist Party Defeated Sun Yat Sen who fled to Japan China slipped into semianarchy upon Yuan’s death due to disintegration of central power and military warlords seizing power in provinces
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China: The New Culture Movement New Culture Movement Aimed at abolishing the remnants of the old system and introducing Western values and institutions into China Introduce a mix of new ideas Protest against Japanese efforts to expand its influence into the mainland Twenty-one demands by Japan in 1915 China accepted the Versailles Peace Conference decision By 1920, central authority had collapsed in China Northern Expedition, 1926-1928 Shanghai massacre, April 1927 Mao Zedong
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The Best of East and West New Life Movement To propagate traditional Confucian social ethics (integrity, propriety, righteousness), while rejecting excessive individualism and material greed from Western capitalism Chiang repressed opposition and censored free expression, alienating intellectuals and political moderates Little success with land reform or in industrial development Economic and social problems: internal disintegration, foreign pressure, collapse of global economic order, rise of militant political forces in Japan
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A New Culture Western literature and art became popular among urban middle class Call for new art that synthesize best of Chinese and foreign culture Creative artists imitated foreign trends Traditionalists concerned with preservation Literature influenced by foreign ideas – novel and short story Social realism – clear contempt for past
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Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America Latin America affected by World War I and Great Depression The Economy and the United States Beginning of 20 th C, almost all of Latin America achieved independence Economy based on export of foodstuffs and raw materials Argentina: beef and wheat Chile: nitrates and copper Brazil and Caribbean nations: sugar Central American states: bananas
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Latin America, cont’d World War I - European investments declined Rise of U.S. role in local economy – biggest investor in: “Chile and Peru: copper mining Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia: oil banana-republics” and united Fruit Company Raised U.S. political influence in Latin America esp. in Central America and Caribbean Latin Americans growing feelings of hostility Good Neighbor Policy Impact of the Great Depression Fall in Latin American exports Decline in foreign revenues Encouraged development of new industries: Chile and Brazil – steel Argentina and Mexico – oil Government investment replaced local sources of capital
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Latin America in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
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