1. Biodiversity and the SIDS Synoptic Module

3. What are the SIDS like? 1)Describe their location 2)Summarise figure 4 What does it tell you? What are the trends? What are the anomalies? Can you explain any of these?

4. Island Biogeography 1200 islands 200 inhabited

6. height and shape ……

7. Water – Surrounded by water but freshwater is scarce Pre-Release - “The island gets plenty of rain, which helps to carry the fertilisers and chemicals off the sugar cane fields and into the streams… Many of Suva’s rivers are contaminated with sewage which also finds its way to the sea”

8. Similar to manatees or sea cows dugongs are vulnerable to extinction and can be found in the South Pacific, Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Dugong Biodiversity

9. Zooxanthellae (microscopic algae) live in the tissue of many corals in a symbiotic relationship. Coral bleaching occurs when the coral host expels its zooxanthellae. Without the zooxanthellae, the tissue of the coral animal appears transparent and the coral’s bright white skeleton is revealed. Corals begin to starve once they bleach. While some corals are able to feed themselves, most corals struggle to survive without their zooxanthellae. If conditions return to normal, corals can regain their zooxanthellae, return to normal colour and survive. This stress, however, is likely to cause decreased coral growth and reproduction, and increased susceptibility to disease. Bleached corals often die if the stress persists. Coral reefs suffering severe mortality following bleaching can take many years or decades to recover. The primary cause of coral bleaching is high water temperature. Temperature increases of only 1.5–2°C lasting for six to eight weeks are enough to trigger bleaching. Biodiversity

10. ENVIRONMENT (REEFS) FisheriesAestheticsTourism Physical protection & survival Tradition & culture Uses of Biodiversity

12. Physical environmental changes - Global warming - Climate change - O 3 depletion - Sea level rise Economic environmental changes - Globalisation - Economic restructuring - WTO - Economic status Global Changes to the Environment in the SIDS

13. Sharks in Palau Environmental Determinism Palau jellyfish tourism 2 distinct periods of jellyfish ‘die-off’: Firstly, El Nino in 1998 causes rapid rise in lake temperatures – many jellyfish could not spawn Secondly, an invasive species, an anemone has entered the lake and is predating the jellyfish – introduced by tourists? Some other Threats to the SIDS

14. Using the pre-release, complete the table: More General Threats to the SIDS Environmental ThreatsEconomic ThreatsSocial Threats GlobalLocalGlobalLocalGlobalLocal

15. Example question: Summarise the threats to biodiversity in the Pacific SIDS(12 Marks)

17. Humans in the SIDS Of the 15 LDCs in Asia, how many are SIDS?

18. Humans in the SIDS Analyse figure 2 – write three observations about the table Complete main threats to the SIDS table Explain how the issues shown in your table affect the different types of species shown in figure 4.

20. Climate Change and the SIDS Climate change challenges in the Pacific SIDS: Extreme weather Erosion Water Drought Health Food shortages Biodiversity Use page 5 figure 6 to find out more. Rank these in order of importance

21. Climate Change The changes brought about by sea level rise and el Nino will create environmental refugees: "Environmental migrants are persons or groups of persons who, for reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are obliged to have to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move either within their territory or abroad.“ (International Organization for Migration) The Sinking of Tuvalu Kiribati Climate Refugees

22. El Nino and the SIDs El Nino is a natural phenomenon. It is occurring with increased frequency and intensity (now every 2-3 years).

23. El Nino and Climate Change In a 1998 report, scientists from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) explained that higher global temperatures might be increasing evaporation from land and adding moisture to the air, thus intensifying the storms and floods associated with El Niño Some scientists believe that El Nino may be functioning like a pressure release valve for the tropics. With global warming driving temperatures higher, ocean currents and weather systems might not be able to release all the extra heat getting pumped into the tropical seas; as such an El Niño occurs to help expel the excess heat.

25. Globalisation and Sugar EU heavily protectionist over sugar: “the World Bank estimates that 80% of the worlds sugar production is traded at subsidised or protected prices.” HOWEVER for 50 years there has been a sugar trading agreement made between the EU and the ACP countries (which includes the SIDS) The WTO pursues free trade and forced the EU-ACP trade agreement to reform EPA (economic partnership agreements)rose from the ashes of the EU-ACP trade agreements

26. Globalisation and Tourism Shrinking world – jet travel allows increased movement of people and tourists

28. Concept maps Complete three concept maps with these at the centre: It may help you to consider some of the main themes: biodiversity loss, globalisation, climate change, water shortages Environmental impacts of changes in the SIDS Social impacts of changes in the SIDS Economic impacts of changes in the SIDS

30. Key Words for the Future A question about sustainable futures is likely. Key words to use: Carrying capacity Sustainable Yield Global Interdependence Research the 5 initiatives and find similar successful examples (they don’t have to be in the SIDS)

31. The spiral of decline of unsustainable yield

33. Fragile Paradise? Fragile Paradise 1 Fragile Paradise 2Fragile Paradise 2 (coral gardening and tuna fishing) Fragile Paradise 3Fragile Paradise 3 (long-line fishing threats to albatross and sharks) Fragile Paradise 4Fragile Paradise 4 (Tuna, Greenpeace and Marine Reserves)