1. Bhutan

2. Background  Landlocked country between China and India  Closed Frontiers to preserve cultural identity  Gross National Happiness  Real Life Shangri-La  Ethnic Cleansing of 1990  How does a country that values happiness launch a campaign of ethnic cleansing?

3. Lenses  Instrumentalism “Ethnicity and nationalism can serve an instrumentalist purpose: political elites, intellectuals, and the intelligentsia draw on ethnicity and nationalism in order to acquire the support of the masses for some political ends. As Anthony Marx asserts, elites construct group consciousness though the ‘selective evocations of history to project an image of prior legitimacy and purposefully forget inconvenient images or experiences of past or present internal division”  Modernization “The effects of modernization processes can create social fragmentation and/or state transformation, and these factors lead to ethnic conflict. Once competing mobilization occurs, demands often escalate, and competition between groups becomes even fiercer than before. […] Georg Simmel argues that modernization produces a more segmented society and identity polarization. […] The democratic state is no longer a neutral arena for political competition. The hegemonic national group uses the state to sustain its power and privilege”

4. Demographics  Multi-ethnic country composed of four major ethnic groups: Ngalongs (Tibet), Scharchops, Khengs, Lhotshampas (Nepal)  The Drukpas  The Lhotshampas

5. Pre-1970s Policies: Loose Territorial Nationalism and Integration  Until the late 1930s, the immigration of Nepalese is welcomed  1953: Process of Modernization  1958: First Nationality Law

6. Post-1970s Policies: Discrimination and Ethnic Cleansing  1972: death of King Dorji Wangchuck. Son Jigme Singye Wangchuck inherits the throne  1961-1981: Wave of Nepali Immigration  1977: Second Citizenship Act  1985: Third Citizenship Act  1988: Southern Population Census  1989: “Driglam Namzha,” or “One Nation, One People, One Language” Policy.  1990: Creation of the BPP  1990: Royal Bhutan Army Chases Illegal Immigrants

8. Refugee Camps and Resettlement  1990: First Refugees  Health Conditions  Women’s Conditions  Remaining Nepali minority  Resettlement and Militancy

9. Conclusion

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