1. Lecy ∙ Urban Policy LECTURE 04 Sprawl

2. OVERVIEW: GIS Lab on Friday City Case Study – Step 1 In the news Causes of Sprawl Lab 03

3. http://www.100resilientcities.org/blog/entry/theyre-going-to-bury-the-autobahn-in-parks#/-_/ IN THE NEWS:

4. However you prefer to characterize Beyond Traffic, its thesis is clear: the United States needs to pivot away from car reliance toward the type of mobility system better suited to cities. On the same day Foxx spoke in Northern California, President Obama presented a massive six-year, $478 billion infrastructure program that reinforces the multimodal tenets established in Beyond Traffic. Highway spending would rise 21 percent in the proposal and remain the lion's share of federal funding, but transit spending would rise 65 percent, TIGER funding (for discretionary grants) 135 percent, and passenger railroad money 221 percent, according to an initial Eno Transportation Weekly analysis.massive six-year, $478 billion infrastructure programEno Transportation Weekly http://www.citylab.com/commute/2015/02/a-30-year-plan-for-us-transportation-summed-up-by-one-word-choice/385111/ NEW DOT 30-YEAR PLAN:

5. HOW DO WE DEFINE/MEASURE SPRAWL?

6. WHAT FACTORS CAUSED SPRAWL?

7. WHAT POLICIES CAUSED SPRAWL?

8. Frumkin, H., Frank, L., & Jackson, R. J. (2004). Urban sprawl and public health, CH2: The Origins of Urban Sprawl.  What forms of transportation supported early commuting? (p 28)  What type of commute expanded after the Civil War and peaked in 1920? (p 31) How would this particular type of commute shape urban form?  How was new infrastructure for growing cities financed? (p 33)  What factors made it difficult for streetcars to compete with automobiles? (p 35 )  How have suburbs used zoning to exclude low-income and minority families? (pp 37-38)  What causes developers to build houses that do not hold up over time? (pp 42-43)

9. Jackson, K. T. (1985). Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States. Oxford University Press. CH11: Federal Subsidy and the American Dream: How Washington Changed the American Housing Market.  How does the federal tax code favor new construction over renovation of old? (pp 190-191)  How did the US federal government first begin building housing on a large scale, and what was the policy goal? (pp 191-192)  In 1931 the National Conference on Home Builders and Home Ownership made four recommendations that would later inform public policy at the federal level. What were they? (p 194)  Did the business community oppose the government bailout of private home owners in 1933? (pp 195-196)  What are the two important innovations to the housing market introduced by the Home Owners Loan Corporation in 1933? (pp 196-197)  By what criteria did the HOLC appraise the quality of neighborhoods, and thus the likelihood that a home retained its value over the term of a loan? (pp 197-198)  Did these rules favor center cities or suburbs? (p 201)  What did the FHA do to stimulate housing construction? (p 204)  What were the implications of the housing boom supported by the FHA program? (p 205)  Did FHA extend mortgage insurance to housing renovation? (p 206)  What is “redlining”? (pp 208-214)  What were the implications of redlining? (pp 213-214)

10. “Part of the problem is that growth and decline are both positive feedback processes. That is, they feed on themselves. Once people begin to believe there will be decline, they make decisions against investment and growth that perpetuate the cycle. After all, why move to or invest in a place that is perceived to be declining with no end in sight? As people and businesses leave, a city government’s fixed costs, such as pension deficits and aging infrastructure, have to be spread across fewer and fewer taxpayers, making unit costs soar, which drives more people away.” See: Keynesian Beauty Contest http://www.governing.com/columns/eco-engines/gov-how-to-stop-civic-decline-cycle.html SPRAWL IS AUTO-CATALYTIC:

11. “Portland officials have adopted a European approach to planning: Concentrate housing and retailing within walking distance of bus and light-rail stations; enforce strict parking quotas for downtown businesses; put retail on the street level of every parking garage and office building.” HOW DID PORTLAND COMBAT SPRAWL?

12. House 1 ($100k)House 2 ($200k) Monthly Payment$477$955 Value after 10 Years (3% inflation)$134,392$268,783 Outstanding Mortgage at Year 10$78,783$157,568 Principle Paid$21,217$42,431 Interest Paid$36,073$72,147 Net Value at Year=10$55,609$111,215 Total Cost Over Ten Years$46,418$92,956 DO HIGH HOUSING PRICES MATTER?

13. SUMMARY In