1. The average weather conditions of a region or the weather patterns that occur over many years. Climate is defined as:

2. 1.Average annual temperature

3. 2. Temperature distribution

4. 3. Mean Annual Precipitation

5. 4. Distribution of precipitation Throughout the year

6. (elevation) (windward vs. leeward)

7. Elevation: Mount Everest Generally, the temperature averages 3.5º F. colder for every 1000 feet of elevation

8. Latitude Low latitudes have a higher angle of the sun’s rays

9. Higher latitudes have a lower angle of the sun’s rays

10. High latitude

11. Middle latitude

12. Low latitude

13. Simple latitude based climate scheme

14. All other factors being equal, which city would have the highest average temperature?

15. (elevation) (windward vs. leeward)

16. Topography Windward side of Mountains: cool, wet Leeward side of Mountains: warm, dry

17. windward leeward desert Or 10ºC/km Or 5ºC/km

18. Ocean Currents Currents coming from the equator make for milder climates Currents coming from the poles make for colder climates

19. Warm currents in red Cold currents in blue

20. Reykjavik Iceland is almost on the artic circle, yet in the Winter is 2 degrees warmer than New York City from the warm Gulf Stream

21. The Galapagos Islands are right on the equator, yet penguins have been seen here A cold current brings water here from Antarctica

22. Prevailing Winds See ESRT for wind belts Warm rising air causes wet climates Cool sinking air causes dry climates

23. Cool sinking air = DRY (30) Horse Latitudes Rising air = WET (60) Sinking air = DRY( 90) Warm rising air = WET (0) Doldrums Rising air = WET (60) Sinking air = DRY (90) Cool sinking air = DRY (30) Horse Latitudes

24. Distance from large body of water Near large body of water = milder climate mild winters, cool summers Far from large body of water = extreme climate hot summers, cold winters

25. Humid subtropical Humid continental Marine West coast Desert Highland Steppe True Continental (taiga) Tundra North America Climates Ice cap

26. Tropical Savanna Places 10 to 20 degrees from the equator Have alternating wet and dry seasons from The shifting belts and are called Tropical Savanna

27. Sahara Desert, Egypt At around 28 to 33 degrees of latitude (the Horse latitudes) it is dry most of the year from the dry horse latitudes, also known as the subtropical high.

28. Steppe climate in Arizona Steppes are usually located on the edges of true deserts

29. Steppes or deserts may be located on the leeward side of tall mountain ranges

30. Tobacco Plantation in South Carolina The southeastern U.S. including most of Florida is called a humid subtropical climate because it catches the wet polar front in winter, and the summer storm tracks as you saw in the previous slide

31. San Diego, California Mediterranean Summers are hot and dry, winters are wet and mild

32. Hudson Valley Humid Continental This is our climate, summers are hot and humid, and winters cold and snowy

33. Oceanic It is characterized by cool moist summers and mild very wet winters

34. At higher latitudes, and towards the center of continents, the temperature range between winter and summer becomes huge. This is because land gets very hot during the high sun period of summer, and very cold during the low sun period of winter This climate is called true continental or taiga

35. True Continental (taiga) At higher latitudes, and towards the center of continents, the temperature range between winter and summer becomes huge.

36. Moosonee Canada Taiga climate

37. Alaska tundra At higher latitudes, and towards the center of continents, the temperature range between winter and summer becomes huge.

38. Weddell Sea, Antarctica Ice cap At the polar regions, especially Greenland and Antarctica, no months go above freezing and snow and ice persist all year round. These climates are called ice cap

39. In Quito, every month is 55 degrees F.

40. Which location on the map could this be?

41. T B S O K

43. D S C W

45. F P K D

47. P J P C

49. H W L N

50. I. J.