1. Jia Yue

2. Outline Columbia shuttle plume observations in Jan. 2003 Proposed fast transport mechanisms & The importance of (quasi-two-day) Rossby waves Conclusions

3. Space Shuttle main engine and exhaust plume Three main engines per shuttle launch Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from external tank A space shuttle launch deposits ~300 t of water vapor between 100 and 115 km altitude, as well as ablated Fe.

4. Where do the plume go? Case study from the last Columbia mission STS-107 launched on January 16 2003 (crashed on Feb. 1) Photodissociation of water vapor produced atomic hydrogen and OH. Obiter flew at 110 km for 4 min/1000 km and injected water exhaust and ablated Fe. Plume move inter-hemispherically with a mean speed of 44 m/s. 100 mile/hour GUVI, Stevens et al., 2005 1 day 2 day

5. Satellite measured mean wind of < 20 m/s Rocket measured transient wind of > 100 m/s McLandress et al., 1996 Larsen, 2002

6. To reproduce the rapid transport in an off-line diagnostic calculation: Preliminary step – scale underestimated TIME-GCM wave amplitudes based on observations Diurnal tide 30- 40 m/s UARS measurement, McLandress et al., 1996

7. Scale QTDW from TIME-GCM Measured large QTDW of up to 100 m/s in January 2003 ×2

8. Tracers launched at 32N and various longitudes (local times) Trajectories for 3 days Southernmost one reaches Antarctica. Yue et al., JASTP, 2010

9. Proposed mechanism: combined effect of planetary-scale waves: QTDW plus tides Two day wave only Semidiurnal tide only

10. Summary of observational results compared to our simulations 1. The planetary-scale waves with scaled amplitude can drive fast meridional transport. 2. Quasi-two-day wave plays the key role. 3. The importance of combined effect of different global-scale waves.

11. What happened 3 days and 3-10 days after the launch Jan. 19-20, 2003 @ Rothera Sporadic Fe layers from main engine ablation by Fe lidar in Antarctica Stevens et al., 2005 A burst of PMC occurrence after STS-107 Accounts for 10-20% of the total PMCs during 2002-2003 austral summer over Antarctica!!! lidar SBUV

12. Impacts on PMC trends: Assume 10% effect on PMC albedo by each June and July shuttle launch. 14 (June and July) launches are preferentially distributed to years after 1990. PMC trend reduced by ~20% when removing shuttle effects. Contribution from all other smaller launch vehicles not considered. 64-74°N DeLand et al., 2007 and Chu et al., 2009