1. Organic Compounds

2. Table of Contents A)Periodic Table B) How Much are you Worth? C) Carbohydrates D) Lipids E) Proteins E-1) Enzymes F) Nucleic Acids

3. A) Periodic Table  Created and first published by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869  He wanted to illustrate the reoccurring (periodic ) trends in the properties of the elements  117 Elements are located on the table( as of 2009)  25 of these elements are essential to Life  4 of those 25 make up 96% of a life-form  Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen The Periodic Table of Elements Song by Tom Lehrer

4. Hhydrogen Ccarbon Nnitrogen Momolybdenum Ffluorine Nasodium Mgmagnesium Sisilicon Pphosphorus Ssulfur Clchlorine Kpotassium Cacalcium Vvanadium Crchromium Mnmanganese Feiron Cocobalt Ninickel Cucopper Znzinc Seselenium Ooxygen Sntin Iiodine 25 Essential Elements to Life

5. B) How much are you worth?  The cost of all the chemicals in your body, individually are worth $0.98  …….If you were to part yourself out, as fluids and tissues…….  Brain = Worthless  Skin = $3.50  Eggs or Sperm = $223,000  Antibodies = $ 7.3 Million  DNA = $ 9.7 Million  Bone Marrow = $23,000 / 1000g Total $23,000,000  Total $ 45,000,000

6. C) Carbohydrates  Common Name- Sugars  All sugars end in -ose  Basic Chemical Components C, H, O  Basic FormulaC H 2 O  Ratio= 1C: 2H  Monomer(building block) = Monosaccharide  Basic Shape of a Monosaccharide Glucose G

7. Fructose F Glucose G  Simple Sugars  Monosaccharides = 1 sugar unit Major source of energy for all cells Examples: Glucose = blood sugar Fructose = fruit sugar Galactose = milk sugar Xylose= wood sugar Ribose = used to make DNA Carbohydrates are divided up into two categories

8.  Simple Sugars  Disaccharides = 2 sugar units Examples: Sucrose = table sugar (glucose & fructose) Maltose = malt sugar (glucose & glucose) Lactose = milk sugar (galactose & glucose) Carbohydrates are divided up into two categories Glucose G Fructose F

9. Carbohydrates are divided up into two categories  Complex Sugars  Polysaccharides –many sugar units Examples: Starch Found in breads, grains, pastas glucose chain food storage in plants Cellulose most abundant carb on the planet Found mainly in the cell walls of plants also know as Fiber or Wholegrain GG G GG G

10. Carbohydrates are divided up into two categories  Complex Sugars Examples continued: Chitin Found in exoskeletons of insects digestible- so you can eat it Glycogen used for short term energy storage ~24-48 hours easiest form of stored energy stored in the muscles and liver

11. Molecular Structure of a Carbohydrate  Chain Form  Ring Form Fructose Galactose Glucose

12. D) Lipids  Commonly Name = Fats & Oils (also Waxes and Sterols)  Fats- solid at room temperature  Oils- liquid at room temperature  Basic Chemical Components = C, H, O  Monomer = Fatty acid  Primary function is to store energy long term  Additional functions include: insulation, water proofing, build cell membranes, hormones, construction of brain cells( brain is 60% fat)  For good nutrition, average person needs < 50g / day

13.  Structure of lipids  Lipids have two parts Glycerol Head Polar Hydrophilic ( Water Loving) Fatty Acid Tails Non-Polar Hydrophobic ( Water Fearing) Molecular Structure of a Lipid

14. Fatty Acid TailsGlycerol Head Fatty Acid Tails Space-filling Model Chemical Structure Molecular Structure of a Lipid

15. Sources of Saturated Fats Sources of Unsaturated Fats

16. Good Fat Bad Fat Partially hydrogenated oils

17. In 2003, Kraft foods was sued over its use of trans fats in Oreos

18. E) Proteins  Basic Chemical Components = C, H, O, N  Monomer = Amino acid  20 essential amino acids  Primary function is the construction of body structures  ex hair, nails, muscle, skin,  Long chains of amino acids held together with peptide bonds  Very large molecules, folded together in a 3-D form  Sources-dairy, lean meat, poultry, fish & veggies  For good nutrition, average person needs > 50g / day  Athletes need greater than 1000 g/ day

19. AA Peptide Bond Shape of Polypeptide Shape of a Protein Molecular Structure of a Protein

21.  Dehydration Synthesis

22. 20 Essential Amino Acids

23. E-1) Enzymes  Basic Chemical Components C, H, O, N  A bio-molecule that acts as a catalyst by speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction(rxn) by lowering the activation energy  Enzymes are made out of proteins, and their shape is vital to their function  Used to break down, or make complex chemicals in the body

24.  All enzymes end in –ase  The name of the enzyme tells you what it reacts with  Examples Sucrase breaks down sucrose Maltase breaks down maltose  Common names of digestion enzymes end in - in  Examples  Pepsin which helped give Pepsi-Cola is name in the early 1900’s, is was used to help aid in digestion

25.  Factors affecting enzyme action:  pH  Temperature  Substrate concentration  Enzyme concentration  Large changes in any of these factors can cause the enzyme to change it shape and become denatured  Enzyme Function  every enzyme has specific substrate that it can alter  The shape of the enzyme and the shape of the substrate fit together like a lock and a key

26.  Lock and Key Model Diagram Active Site

27. Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction Graph

28. F) Nucleic Acids  Basic Chemical Components C H O N P  Monomer: Nucleotide  Primary function is the storage and transmission of genetic material  Sources- you are what you eat, components from your food are used to build new molecules in your body as you grow  Two types of Nucleic Acids in your body  DNA – Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid  RNA – Ribose Nucleic Acid N-Base Sugar P

29. Next Section: History and Structure of DNA The End!!!!