1. Mental Disorders and Treatment

2. I. Anxiety Disorders A.Disorders in which real or imagined fears occur so often they prevent a person from enjoying life. B.Phobias are an example. C.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder A.Behavior that is characterized by unreasonable thoughts and actions that are rigid, inflexible, and repetitive.

3. II. Clinical Depression Prolonged and persistent depression. It is typically treated with medication if traditional talk therapies don’t work.

4. III. Manic-Depressive Disorder (Bi-Polar Disorder) A mood disorder in which a person’s moods vary from being very high to very depressed. It is caused by a chemical imbalance. Usually treated with a Lithium Salt.

5. IV. Schizophrenia A mental disorder in which there is a split or breakdown in logical thought processes. Treated with anti-psychotics.

6. V. Personality Disorders Inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning. Antisocial (Psychopath, Sociopath) Paranoid (May suffer from Delusions) Schizoid (Deep emotional withdrawal) Compulsive (Not as bad as OCD) Passive-Aggressive (Non-cooperative) Borderline (Cutting, self-destructive, volatile)

7. VI. Treatment There are various types of therapy: –Individual therapy –Group therapy –Therapy that helps a person overcome an addiction. –12-step programs are effective forms of therapy. (One type of group therapy.)

8. VII Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis (Freudian - emphasis on the unconscious mind)

9. Assumptions: 1.Psychological problems are caused by childhood’s supposedly repressed impulses and conflicts. 2.Psychoanalysts try to bring these feeling into conscious awareness – to gain insight into the origins of the disorder.

10. Assumptions: 3.Patient works through buried feelings which releases mental energy used up by id-ego-superego conflicts.

11. Assumptions: 4.People are basically animalistic with a thin shell of civilization trying to contain our basic aggressive and sexual urges.

12. Methods: 1) Free association 2) Latent Content in dreams 3) Transference

13. Criticisms: Based on repressed memories, interpretations are hard to refute: – “No, I don’t hate my mother” – “you are just resisting” – “I am not” – “now you are in denial!” Slow and expensive, more therapist oriented; based on Medical Model.

14. Assumptions and Goals: 1.Behavior Therapists doubt “self- awareness” or “insight” are the key to fixing psychological problems. 2.They assume the problem behaviors ARE the problem. Apply well-established learning principles to eliminate the unwanted behaviors. 3.Historically Behaviorist’s goal was to make Psychology into a science – to counter the non-scientific theories of the Freudian (Psychodynamic) therapists. VIII Behavioral Therapies

15. A. Classical Conditioning Techniques (Pavlov) Counter-conditioning - Can not be simultaneously anxious and relaxed. –Systematic Desensitization Create an Anxiety Hierarchy; Progressive Relaxation. Aversive conditioning

16. B. Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Behavior Therapists: Reinforce desired behaviors and withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors. Token Economy Display appropriate behavior, receive token – traded in later for rewards or privileges.

17. C. Criticisms What happens when reinforcement stops? Rewards must become intrinsic or social. Ethical to control another human being? Mechanistic, no room for Humanness.

18. IX Humanistic Therapies A.Maslow (Theory) 1)Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs 2)Characteristics of self-actualizing people a.Peak experiences b.Open and spontaneous c.Self accepting and Self Aware d.Loving and Caring e.Mission in Life f.Problem centered, not self centered

19. B.Rogers (Therapy) –Rogers took Maslow’s theories and applied them to therapy. –Person-Centered Therapy – Therapeutic Relationship –Non-directive –Unconditional positive regard 3 Aspects: Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy. –Active listening –Psychological mirror

20. C.Assumptions: –Boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. –People are basically good.

21. D. Criticisms View that all humans are born basically good. Therapy is so non-directive that some clients get frustrated. Difficult to make the emotional commitment required in a therapeutic relationship to ALL clients.

22. X. Cognitive Therapies A.Assumptions (Developed to treat Depression) 1.Thinking affects our feelings. 2.If depressing thought patterns are learned, they can be replaced by new learning. 3.People can be taught new, more constructive ways of thinking

23. B. Criticisms Thought processes are not the only thing that determine behavior. –Emergence of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies. Lack of attention to emotions / exclusive focus on rational thought processes.

24. XI. Eclectic Therapies The style of therapy that most new therapists are learning today. Apply any or all of the techniques from any perspective. Use what works for you as a therapist and for the client.

25. XII. What ALL successful therapists have in common: Provide hope for demoralized people. Give clients a new perspective on themselves and the world. Forms an empathic, trusting and caring relationship with the client.