1. Ch. 6 Past Perfect + Past Perfect Continuous

2. Past Perfect Subject + Had + Past Participle I had hiked for four hours by then. She had eaten dinner before they went out. It had rained before I planted the flowers. You had talked to the doctor before getting the medicine.

3. Past Perfect - Negative Subject + Had + Not + Past Participle I had not hiked before She had not eaten dinner before going to the movie. It had not rained for three weeks. She had not talked to the doctor before taking the new medication.

4. Past Perfect – Simple Questions Had + Subject + Past Participle Had you gone hiking before today? Had she taken piano lessons before? The only time we really use simple questions in past perfect is to ask if someone had done something before now.

5. Information Questions ? Word + Had + Subject + Past Participle Where had you hiked before? What had he done? We don’t often ask questions in this verb tense because it’s easier to ask the same question as simple past or present perfect. Where did you hike before? What has he done?

6. Uses: Express the relationship in time between two PAST events (both events are over + done with). This verb tense is FREQUENTLY interchangeable with the simple past + a time clause with NO change in meaning.

7. Relationship Between Events Two events happened in the past You need to say which happened first Use Past Perfect to describe the event that happened first Use simple past to describe the second event

8. Which Happened First? Listening – C1 – p. 132

9. Examples Events: – Completed the Exam (1 st ) – Felt Relieved (2 nd ) – I had just completed the exam. I felt very relieved. – I had just completed the exam, so I felt very relieved.

10. Examples Events: – Miguel called (3 rd ) – I wasn’t there (2 nd ) – I went to a meeting (1 st ) – Miguel called me this morning, but I wasn’t there. I had gone to a meeting.

11. Examples Events: – The thief escaped – I called the police When my house was robbed, the thief had escaped before I called the police.

12. Adverbs & Prepositions We use the same adverbs and prepositions for past perfect that we do for present perfect: – Already – Yet – Still – Ever – Never – For – Since – Just

13. Adverbs & Prepositions The adverbs & prepositions have the same meaning in past perfect as they do in present perfect The rules for using them are the same as well

14. Practice Events – Son fell asleep (1 st ) – We came home (2 nd )

15. Practice Events: – He graded the exam – He read the answers carefully – (before)

16. Practice Events: – The sink overflowed – I left the water running – (after)

17. Practice Events: – They were married for five years – They had a child – (when)

18. Practice Events – The car collided with a truck – Someone called the police – (after)

19. Practice Events: – The doctor said she was very healthy – She was worried – (until)

20. Practice Events – She slept for ten hours – I decided to wake her up – (by the time)

21. More Practice C4 – Describing New Experiences Part A Only

22. Past Perfect Continuous Subject + Had + Been + Verb + -ing I had been hiking for four hours by then. She had been eating dinner when the phone rang. He had been sleeping when the alarm rang.

23. Past Perfect Continuous - Negative Subject + Had + Not + Been + Verb + -ing She had not been sleeping when you saw her laying on the couch. I had not been ready for the dogs when I got them.

24. Past Perfect Continuous – Yes/No ?s Had + Subject + Been + Verb + -ing Had you been sleeping? Had she been hiking before today? Had they been leaving when we called?

25. Past Perfect Continuous – Information Questions ? Word + Had + Subject + Been + Verb + -ing Why had you been crying? Where had you been traveling over the summer? It’s easier to use simple past to ask these questions!!! Why were you crying? Where did you travel over the summer?

26. Practice Simple PastPast PerfectPast Perfect Continuous 1I flew home.I had flown home.I had been flying home. 2We had gone to school. 3They had been trying hard. 4I held my keys. 5You had been having fun. 6He made a mess. 7They had thought about it. 8We had been doing nothing. 9What happened? 10It had gotten harder.

27. Uses Same as past perfect – to show one action occurred before another action or state in the past. SMALL DIFFERENCE: – The continuous emphasizes that the first event continued up to and ended just before, or was interrupted by, the second event.

28. Just Before? Listening – D1 – p. 137

29. Example: Events: – Keiko studied all night – She was exhausted. – Keiko had been studying all night. She was exhausted at breakfast. – Keiko was exhausted at breakfast because she had been studying all night.

30. Example: Events – Marie started working at 8 a.m. – She left the office at 6 p.m. – Marie left the office at 6:00 p.m. because she had started working at 8:00 a.m. that morning.

31. When vs. For & Since We typically use when with simple past and for/since with past perfect & past perfect continuous

32. Practice Events: – Use WHEN for the simple present clause & FOR/SINCE for the past perfect continuous – Elena worked from 2006 to 2008 – Then she went back to school

33. Practice Events: – Brigitte began to work at C&M in 2009. – Her husband joined the company in 2011.

34. Practice Events: – The chicken started barking at 5:30. – The electricity went off at 5:45.

35. Practice Events: – Lisa went to sleep at 11 p.m. – The phone woke her up at 2:00 a.m.

36. Practice Events: – Paulo and Celia got married in 2009. – They had their first child in 2011.

37. Practice Events: – Kate studied from 2005 to 2011. – She graduated from medical school in 2011.

38. Practice Events: – Carlos lived in Mexico City from 2008 to 2010. – He moved to Paris in 2010.

39. Practice Events: – Eric started taking piano lessons in January of 2010. – He gave his first recital at the end of that year.

40. Reasons & Contrasts We often use past perfect & past perfect continuous to show REASONS or CONTRASTS. We use conjunctions to show these relationships: – Because – So – Although – Even though

41. Examples: She looked very tired because she had been studying all night. He had never been camping before, so he was scared. He failed the test although he had studied the material for 12 hours.

42. Practice D3 – p. 138 – Expressing Reasons & Results D4 – p. 138 – Expressing Contrasts

43. Putting it All Together: B1 – Listening for Form – p. 126

44. Putting it All Together: Think Critically About Meaning & Use P. 140 Part A Only

45. Putting it All Together: Edit P. 141