1. Middle East WWI-WWII

2. Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire at its peak contained: –today's Hungary, Yugoslavia, Croatia, Bosnia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, southern Ukraine, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia Iraq, Kuwait, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, eastern and western Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, eastern Yemen, Egypt, northern Libya, Tunisia, and northern Algeria.

3. Decline Decline: –“Sick man of Europe” –Lost territory –Inefficient rulers (Abdulhamid II) –WWI—sided with Germany –Armenian genocide Armenians were Christians Wanted independence 1915-1918—1.5 mil killed through massacre or during deportation (through deserts and swamps) Turkey emerges 1923

4. Turkey

5. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) Rules from 1923 to 1938 Replaced Islamic law with European model Muslim calendar becomes western calendar Changes religious ‘holy day’ from Friday to Sunday – angers many Muslims Schools become non-religious (secular) Forces people to wear western style of clothing Replaces Arabic alphabet with Latin alphabet Women – group who benefited most – could now work outside the home and vote

6. Persia (Iran) 1921 – Reza Shah Pahlavi – seized control of the government Strengthened army – broke power of rebellious tribes Built roads, hospitals, schools, established a university Improved transportation and communication Improved rights of women Limited monarchy set up with Reza having most of the control 1935 – officially changed name to Iran

7. Iran

8. Pan Arabism

9. Mandates France Syria Lebanon Great Britain Palestine Iraq Trans-Jordan

10. Balfour Declaration Palestine Israel

11. Conflict in Middle East Problems between Arabs and Jews Specifically Israel and Palestine after 1900

12. Creation of Israel 1948 Israel created Had been ruled under mandate by British After Holocaust, created a Jewish homeland http://users.erols.com/ mwhite28/israel.htmhttp://users.erols.com/ mwhite28/israel.htm

13. Israel continued Neighboring countries (Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq) invaded Israel won

14. 1956 Suez Canal Suez Canal was owned by French and British stockholders Egyptian leader Nasser nationalized the canal after he could not get international help to build dam. Israel, Britain and France teamed up to fight Egypt US stayed out because did not want to risk war (USSR had promised to help Egypt) (cold war) Egypt kept control of canal, UN guaranteed Israel’s right to use it. No real peace 1957 first British ship paid toll to Egypt to use canal

15. 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine authorization to use military force, if requested, by any Middle Eastern nation to check aggression and, second, to set aside a sum of $200 million to help those Middle Eastern countries that desired aid from the United States

16. 1967 Six Day War Israel vs Egypt, Jordan and Syria Israel conquered Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Golan Heights and Gaza Strip

17. 1973 Yom Kippur War Israel was attacked on holiday by Egypt and Syria Israel pushed them back

18. 1979 Peace Accords Began Sadat Carter Camp David Accords

19. Disputed territory

20. PLO Formed 1964 to represent Palestinian interests 1969 Arafat became leader—stayed leader until death (2004)

21. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Gain control over oil prices