1. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem Before and After the Crusades Week 3, Lecture 4

2. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem Why do historians consider the Christian “Holy Land” as a creation of the fourth century? How did the Muslim conquest introduce competition for sacred space in Jerusalem? How important was Jerusalem to medieval Christians? How did the Crusades change that importance?

3. Jerusalem in Early Christian Times Pauline epistles: rhetoric of a heavenly Jerusalem First Jewish Revolt, 70 CE: Destruction of the Temple –Prophecy fulfilled? Second Jewish Revolt, c. 132-36 –Aelia Capitolina –Jews excluded

4. Change Under Constantine

5. 3 Constantinian Churches Founded by Helena Bethlehem (Church of the Nativity) Mount of Olives (Church of the Ascension) “Golgotha” (Church of the Holy Sepulcher) –Greek name: Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis)

6. Early Pilgrim Accounts Bordeaux Pilgrim, c. 333 –Visited Temple Mount Egeria, c. 384 –Did not! –Transfers of holiness Golgotha = Mount Moriah

7. The Madaba Map, 6 th century That’s Jerusalem... But where is the Temple Mount?

9. Arab Conquest, 638 Patriarch Sophronius (r. 634-38) Caliph ‘Umar (r. 634-44) Bloodless surrender “‘Umar Traditions” (later inventions, display common themes) 1.‘Umar requests to visit the Temple Mount. 2.He finds it in a state of neglect. End of Jewish exclusion period

10. S. D. Goitein: “From the moment that a Muslim mosque was erected in Jerusalem opposite—and in open competition with—the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, it became evident that both rivals considered themselves to be branches of the very same tree whose roots, it was now difficult to deny, where firmly rooted here.”

11. Qiyâma = Resurrection

12. Qumâma = Dungheap

13. Dome of the Rock, 688-91 CE (68-71 AH) Shiny and clean!

14. Arculf (c. 680) Collaborated with Adomanan (Adamnan) to write an account of his pilgrimage Also very concerned with the amount of dung in Jerusalem! Observes the Arabs building a wooden structure on the Temple Mount

15. Overlapping Pilgrimage Zones Muslims: Shrines on Haram al-Sharif (“Noble Sanctuary” = Temple Mount) Christians: Three Constantinian basilicas Jews: Western Wall of the Temple All: Tombs of Hebrew patriarchs, etc.

16. The Holy Fire An “Easter Miracle” celebrated by the Greek Christians of Jerusalem Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim (r. 996-1021) 1009: destruction of the Holy Sepulcher 1033: earthquake 1042: reconstruction efforts led by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus

18. Dome of the Rock, 688-91 CE (68-71 AH) Solomon’s Temple?!?!

20. Crusader Cross Graffiti, Holy Sepulcher

21. Daniel of Kiev Russian, visited Jerusalem in c. 1106-07 Accompanied King Baldwin I around the city and surrounding area Observed the miracle of the Holy Fire Reveals