1. UNIT – IV DOORS AND WINDOW :- Material used for making door and window:- -Different forms of commercial wood :- Plywood Veneer sheet Block board Batten board Particle board Novapan Sunmica

2. Plywood The meaning of term ply is a thin layer. The plywood are boards which are prepared from thin layers of wood in odd numbers are placed one above the other with the direction of grains of successive layers at right angle to each other. The placing of veneers normal to each other increases the longitudinal and transverse strength of plywood. The face of plywood which has better finishing is known as face and other exposed face as back of plywood. The plywood is generally manufactured in 3 ply, 5 ply & so on. Advantages :- It show very little expansion or shrinkage due to variation in moisture content. They are light & available in large sizes. They are available in decorative design. They are not liable to split or crack. They are very easy to work.

4. Veneer sheet :- These are thin sheets of wood of superior quality. The thickness of varies from 4mm to 6mm or more. They obtained by rotating a log wood against a sharp knife rotating cutter or saw. Veneers after being removed, dried in kilns to remove moisture.

5. Block board They consist of core made up of small timber blocks up to 25mm thickness fixed together edged to edged. Both the faces are lastly covered by plywood of 3mm thickness. The direction of grains of core is at right angles to that of outer plies. These are cheaper than lamin board & are used for partition & doors etc. Usual thickness are 12mm to 50mm, length varies from 1.2m to 2.4m & width from 90cm to 1.2m.

6. Batten Board These are just like block board in construction except that core is made from timber blocks of width up to 8cm & 2-3cm thick. These boards are used for door panels, table tops & other flat surface. Direction of grains of core battens is at right angles to that of adjacent out ply sheets. They are light & strong & do not crack or split easily.

7. Sunmica Sunmica, Furmica, Sungloss etc. are kind of impregnated timber. The timber which is fully or partially covered with resin is known as impregnated timber. The usual resin employed is phenol formaldehyde which is soluble in water. The veneer or thin strips of wood are taken & placed between wood cells & by chemical reaction, a consolidation mass developed. It is then cured at temperature of above 150° C to 160° C. The impregnated timber is available under trade names such as Furmica, Sungloss, Sunmica etc. & it is used for furnitures, decorative materials etc. Advantages :- i)It is not affected by moisture & weather condition. ii)It is strong & durable. iii)It resist the acidic effects. iv)It possesses more electrical insulation. v)It prevents a decent appearance. vi)The contraction & expansion of impreg timber are about 25-40% less than ordinary timber.

9. DOOR door may be defined as an openable barrier secured in an opening left in a wall for the purposes of providing access to the users of the structures. It basically consists of two parts: (i)A frame and (ii) shutter (leaf) The shutter is held in position with the door frame. For small opening a door is provided with one leaf or shutter and such a door is known a single leaf door. In case of wider opening the door have two leaves and it is called as double leaf door. Purpose of doors i) The main function of door in a building is to serve as a connecting link between the various parts. ii) The door is provided for horizontal circulation. iii) To maintain the privacy in the structure(room).

10. LOCATION OF DOORS The following points should be kept in mind while deciding the location of doors in a building. i) From consideration of adequate air circulation within the rooms, the door should be provided in opposite walls facing each other. ii) From consideration of proper space utilization and privacy, doors should as for as possible be located near the corner of a room. iii) The location of the door should meet the functional requirements of the room. iv) The number of doors in a room should be kept minimum to achieve optimum utilization of space. Large number of doors beside causing obstruction, consume more area in circulation.

11. SIZE OF DOORS The size of door to be adopted for a room depends basically upon the functional requirements of the room. In case of W.C. or bath room door width of 75 cm is considered adequate. On the other hand, the size of a garage door should be such that it may permit a car to pass through it. In general, the size of the door adopted should be such that it will permit the movement of the largest object likely to pass through the door opening. Regarding height and width of door, general rules followed in India is; Height = width + 1m to 1.2m appropriate. Width = 0.4 to 0.6 of height. Commonly adopted size of doors for different types of buildings :- Types of building Size of doors (mm) i)Doors of residential building: a) External door 1000 X 2100 b) Internal door 900 X 2100 c) For bath & WC 800 X 2100

12. ii)Doors of public building 1200 X 2100 / like school, hospital, library etc. 1200 X 2100 / 1200 X 2250 iii)Doors of garage for cars. 2250 X 2250 Door Frame It is made up of two vertical members known as jambs or posts. Flat member connecting the jambs at top called head. The cross-sectional dimensions of the jamb and the head are normally kept same for convenience of fixing the frame in the opening. Types :- i) Timber Frame ii) Steel Frame

13. Timber Door frame In case of doors having one shutter, the size of the jamb or head is taken as 60 mm thick and 100 mm wide. In case of doors having two shutters, the width of the frame members is increased from 100 mm to 120 or 140 mm. The jambs are usually tenoned into the head and wedged. Sometimes the head projects out by about 7 cm from the jambs. The projected portion is known as horn which helps in securing the frame head to the masonry. Method of fixing Before fixing, all portions of the frame which will come in contact with masonry, are painted with thick coat of coal tar or by any approved type of wood primer. The frame is placed in proper position and secured to the wall by means of iron hold fasts. A minimum of three hold fasts are fixed on each jamb; one being fixed at the centre and the remaining two at 30 cm from the top and bottom of the jamb. The hold fasts are embedded in concrete blocks and the frame gets built in as the construction of wall goes up.

14. Steel door frame It can be made out of angle Tee, channel or pressed steel plates. There are two jambs & a head. At the joints the members are either welded are rigidly fixed together by mechanical means. Sometimes a horizontal member (angle iron) is also provided to fix the jambs at base at floor level. This member is known threshold. In case of steel frames the hold fasts and the hinges are invariably welded to the frame.

15. Method of fixing Steel frames are always fixed in prepared door opening i.e. after the masonry work for the door opening as well as lintel etc. are complete and fully set. In addition the size of door frame is kept slightly less than the size of the door opening so as to allow adequate clearance between the frame and the opening. In case the frame is to be fixed in brick masonry, chasses of required size are cut in the walls for hold fast and the frame is secured to the opening by grouting the hold fast with cement concrete. In case of stone masonry or R.C.C., where it is difficult to cut chasses, wooden plugs are embedded at appropriate places in the jamb in concrete or stone masonry during casting or construction of the wall. After the opening is prepared, the door unit is placed in position and fixed with hold fast with galvanized iron wood screws.

16. Types of Doors :- 1) Battened and ledged doors. 2) Battened ledged and braced doors. 3) Battened ledged, braced and framed doors. 4) Framed and paneled doors. 5) Glazed or sash doors. 6) Flush doors. 7) Fly proof doors. 8) Revolving doors. 9) Sliding doors. 10) Swing doors. 11) Collapsible steel doors. 12) Rolling steel shutter doors. 13) Rolling grill doors. 14) M.S. sheet doors. 15) Fire check door.

17. Framed and Paneled Door This type of door is commonly provided in all types of buildings. This door consists of timber frame work of stiles and rails which are grooved on the inside to receive one or more panels. Framed and panelled doors are made in several designs to suit the functional as well as architectural requirements. The door may be single, double, three, four or six panelled and so on. The panels can be of timber, plywood, block board or hard board. Timber panels are fixed within the grooves in the frame.

18. Salient features of frame and panelled door The stiles are continuous from top to bottom. Different rails, i.e. top rail, bottom rail, lock rail and frieze rail are jointed to the stiles. Mullions are jointed to the rails. Bottom and lock rails are of bigger size than the top and frieze rails. The width of stiles is normally 100 mm & bottom lock rails are 150 mm wide. The thickness of shutter may vary from 30 mm to 50 mm.

20. Glazed or sash door This type of door is used in residential as well as public buildings like hospitals, schools or colleges etc. with a view to supplement the natural lighting provided by windows or to make the interior of one room visible from the adjacent one. Glazed or sash doors are made in designs. They can be glazed fully or partly. Fully glazed doors are provided in situations where sufficient light is required through the door opening as in case of shopping or display center, lobbies, entrance hall etc. In case of partly glazed doors normally the bottom 1/3th height of the door is panelled & the remaining 2/3th height is glazed. In case of partly glazed doors, the stiles are sometimes diminished at the lock rails to improve the elevation & to permit more area of glazing.

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22. Rolling Steel Shutter Doors These doors are commonly used for stores, shop fronts and godown etc. The door shutter acts like a steel curtain and provides adequate protection and safety against burglers and fire. The shutter consists of thin steel slabs (also known as laths or slates) about 1.25 mm. thick interlocked to each other and coiled upon specially designed pipe shaft (also known as drum) mounted at the top of the opening. The door shutter travels in two vertical steel guide channels installed at end of the opening. The guide channels are made out of mild steel sheets and are deep enough to accommodate and keep the shutter in position. The shutter is counter balanced by means of helical spring enclosed in the drum.

23. A

24. Sliding Door This type of door is considered suitable for shops, sheds, godowns, garrage etc. and in places where the use of hinges for fixing the shutter is to be avoided. Depending upon the size of the opening, and the space available on either side, the door can have single, double or more number of leaves or shutters. The door is provided with top and bottom guide rails or runners within which the shutters slide. The opening for a distance equal to the width of the shutter so that when the door is required to be opened, the door shutter occupies a new position parallel to the wall face and clear off the opening. The shutters are also provided with locking arrangements, handles, stopper etc.

26. Swing Door This type of door is generally provided in passages of public buildings like offices, banks etc. The door may have single shutter or two shutters. The shutters are fixed with special hinges known as double action spring hinges which hold the shutter in closed position when not in use. They should have glazed shutters so as to enable the users to see the objects on other side of the door and avoid accidents. As the springs return the door with force, the glazing should preferably be carried out by use of wired glass or it should be protected by other suitable means. The door shutter should have a peep hole, fixed with glass. The peep hole should be at eye level.

28. Revolving Door These type of doors are commonly provided in hotels, banks, offices and other such important building. Door provides entrance on one side and exit on the other simultaneously keeping the opening automatically closed when not in use. This type of door is mostly provided in places where there is a regular foot traffic of people entering in and going out of the building especially when it is air conditioned or situated in a place where strong winds blow for most part of the year. The door essentially consists of four leaves radially attached to a centrally placed mullion in a circular opening. The mullion or the central member is provided with ball-bearing at the bottom and bush bearing at the top so as to enable the door to revolve smoothly without producing jerks. At their edges the leaves are provided with rubber pieces which fit flexibly against the inside face.

30. Flush door These doors have pleasing appearance, simple construction, high strength and durability and less cost as compared with panelled doors. These doors are commonly used in residential as well as public buildings. Flush door shutter consists of a solid or semi-solid framed skeleton (core) covered on both faces with either plywood or a combination of cross bands and face veneers giving perfectly flush and joint less surface. In case commercial type plywood or face veneer is used for the face panel the door is termed as commercial type flush door. Similarly if decorative type of plywood or face veneer is used for face panel, the door is called as decorative type of flush door. Types of Flush door :- i) Solid core type flush doors. ii) Hollow and Cellular core type flush doors.

31. Solid core type flush doors The wooden frame used for holding the core consists of stiles, top rail and bottom rail, width of each member being not less than 5 cm. The frame is made out of selected species of timber. Where it is not possible to use same species of timber for the frame, it is necessary to provide hard wood around the frame. To achieve required strength and durability. The width of the hard wood should be equal to the thickness of the core and its depth should not be less than 25 mm.

33. Hollow core type flush door In this type of doors, the frame consist of stiles, top rail, bottom rails and minimum two intermediate rails each not less than 75 mm. in width. The voids are equally distributed and area of any void remains less than 50 cm 2. Instead of battens, rolls or strips of veneers can also be used for forming core. Plywood sheets or combination of cross-bands and face veneers are used on both faces of the core. The thickness of plywood used should not be less than 6 mm.

35. COLLAPSIBLE STEEL DOORS Such doors are used in godowns, workshops, sheds, public buildings etc., for providing increased safety and protection to property. The door neither requires hinges for opening and closing, nor any frame for hanging them. It acts like a steel curtain which can be opened or closed by horizontal push. Such a door is even provided in residential buildings where opening is large but there is not enough space to accommodate leafed shutters. The door is fabricated from vertical double channels (20 x 10 x 2 mm) joined together with the hollows on the inside, so that a vertical gap is created. Such channel units are spaced at 100 to 120 mm apart and are braced flat iron diagonals 10 to 20 mm wide and 5 mm thick. These diagonals allow the shutter to open out or get closed. The shutters operate between two iron rails of T-shape, one fixed to the floor and other to the lintel.

36. 8)Collapsible Steel Door :-

37. 9 ) M.S. Sheet Door :-

38. 10) Fire Check Door :-

39. BATTENED AND LEDGED DOORS This is the simplest type of door, specially suitable for narrow openings. The door, shown in fig is formed of vertical bonds, known as batten which are usually grooved, and fixed together by horizontal supports known as ledges. Battens are 100 to 150 mm wide and 20 to 30 mm thick. Ledges are 100 to 200 mm wide and 25 to 30 mm thick. Three ledges are generally provided top, middle and bottom, The door is hung to the frame by means of T-hinges of iron.

40. 11) Battened & Ledged Door :-

41. Battened Ledged & Braced Door These doors are improved versions of battened and ledged doors, in which additional inclined (or diagonal) members, called braces are provided, as shown in Fig. to give more rigidity. Hence these doors can be used for wider openings. The braces, 100 to 150 mm wide have the same thickness as the ledges. It is essential that the braces slope upwards from the handing side since they have to work as struts, to take compression.

42. 12) Battened Ledged & Braced Door :-

43. BATTENED, LEDGED AND FRAMED DOORS This door is also an improved form of simple battened and ledged door, in which frame work for the shutter is provided in the form of two verticals, known as styles. Styles are generally 100 mm wide and 40 mm thick. Three ledges are provided as usual. The total thickness of style is adjusted equal to the thickness of ledges plus the thickness of battens.

44. 13) Battened Ledged & Framed Door :-

45. Window :- A window may be defined as an opening made in wall for the purpose providing day light vision & ventilation. It consist of frame & shutter. Frame consist of two vertical member called as jambs or post. Another horizontal member connecting post at top called as head. At their base called as sill. Window are normally provided with two leaves or shutter. Selection of size, shape, location & number of window to be provided in a room depends on following factors:- Size of room Location of room Architectural requirement Utility of room Direction of wind Climatic consideration like humidity, temperature variation etc. Following rules may be observed while deciding the size of window :- Total area of window opening = 10 % to 20 % of floor area of room In hot & arid regions, opening = 15 % of area of room In hot & humid regions, opening = 15 % to 20 % of area of room

46. In case of public building like schools, offices hospitals etc. minimum area of window = 20 % of floor area For adequate natural light, area of glass panels = 8 % of floor area The points to be kept in mind while making provision for windows in room : i) The size & number of window should be sufficient to provide adequate light & ventilation. ii) Windows should be located opposite to each other where- ever possible. iii) The window sill should be placed at 75 to 100 cm. above the floor level. iv) Windows provided on Northern side permit maximum day light. v) Buildings in humid region need special attention for adequate ventilation of the room. The area of window opening in humid region should be maximum. vi) The shutter of windows in external walls should open outside. This checks entry of rain water inside the room. viii) Windows in external wall should be provided with Chajja projections to prevent the entry of the rainwater in the room.

47.  Types of window :- 1) Fixed windows 2) Pivoted windows 3) Double hung windows 4) Sliding windows 5)Casement windows 6) Sash or glazed windows 7) Louvered or venetianed windows 8) Metal windows 9) Bay windows 10) Clerestory windows 11) Corner windows 12) Dormer windows 13)Gable windows 14) Sky lights 15) Fan lights 16) Ventilators

48.  Fixed Window :- The glass pane or glazed shutter is permanently fixed in the opening in the wall. It is used in the situations where light or vision is needed as no ventilation is possible through fixed window.

49.  Pivoted Window :- T he shutter is capable of rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame. Window frame has no rebate. The shutter can rotate horizontally or vertically depending upon the position of pivot.

50.  Sliding Window :- Shutter moves on roller bearing. It can slide horizontally or vertically.

51.  Casement Window :- The window where shutter open like doors are called casement window. Similar to doors, this type of window has frame & shutter composed of stiles, top rails, bottom rails, vertical & horizontal sash bars with glass panes. The frame of this window can also have additional vertical & horizontal members known as mullion & transome respectively.

52.  Sash or glazed window :- Window shutter consist of two vertical stiles, top rails & bottom rails. The panels space between the stiles & rails & is suitably divided by small timber members or bars place both horizontally or vertically. These bars are known as sash bars or glazing bars. The sash bars divides the total panels space of window shutter into panels of small sizes.

53.  Bay window :- A window projecting outward from the walls of a room is called as a bay window. It may be square, rectangular or polygon in plan. It provide an increased area of opening for light and ventilation.

54.  Corner window :- As the name suggests this type of window is essentially located in the corner of a room. By use of this window it is possible to ensure light and ventilation from two directions at right angles. To improve the architectural requirement.

55.  Dormer window :- It is a vertical window built in the sloping side of a pitched roof. This window is provided to achieve proper ventilation and lighting of the enclosed space below the roof. To improve the architectural requirement.

56. Louvered window :- The stiles of shutter are fixed to receive a series of louvers which may be of glass or wood. The louvers are set within the grooves in inclined position so that they slope downward to the outside in order to run off the rain water and obstruct the horizontal vision. For economical construction the angle of inclination of the louvers or vertical stiles should be 45°. It provides ventilation and light even when the opening is closed. Commonly used for bathroom, wc’s. workshops, and other areas where privacy is the main consideration. Difficult to maintain them clean as the dust gets easily deposited on the louvers.

58.  Metal Window :- It is too much popular these days. It is made up of metals, like mild steel, galvanized mild steel, aluminum, bronze, stainless steel etc. Used in public building. Bronze, aluminum and stainless steel are considered to be the best as they possess high degree of elegance, finishing & durability. Bronze and stainless steel being very costly, so use of windows made out of these metals, is restricted. Only used in the buildings where cost is not the prime consideration. As compared with bronze or stainless steel, aluminum windows are less expensive, hence mostly used.

59.  Gable Window :-  The window provided in the gable end of a pitched roof is known as gable window.

60.  Sky light window :- This is a type of fixed window provided on the sloping surface of a pitched roof. The window being parallel to the sloping surface. It is provided with a view to permit fully natural light.

61. Ventilator :- It is defined as a narrow window of small height provided near the roof of a room for providing ventilation in the room. The construction of ventilator is similar to that of fan light. The shutter of the ventilator is Horizontally pivoted.

62. Fan light window :- The function of fan light is to ensure cross ventilation in the room even when the door is closed. It provide natural light in the corridors or passages. Fan light is fitted between the head of the door frame and the transom. The shutter of the fan light may be pivoted at the centre or it may be fixed.

63. Clere story window :- This type of window is used to achieve better ventilation and cooling effect. It is provided in the living or main rooms. It is provided near the top of the roof. Besides improving the elevation of the building, such windows also provide adequate natural light in the room. The window shutter is horizontally pivoted.

64. Double hung window :- It consists of a pair of shutters arranged one above the other which can slide vertically within the grooves provided in the frame.

65. Glass :- A hard, brittle substance, typically transparent & made up of by mixing sand with soda & lime & cooling rapidly. It is used to make window, drinking containers & other materials etc. Types of glass :- Transparent glass Sunglasses Colorful glass Grainted glass Non transparent glass

66. Transparent glass :- This type of glass is used for the places where visibility with appearance is important. Used in Buildings, mall, public places etc.

67. 2) Sunglass :- These type of glass is used to protect eyes from sun rays & where natural light do not play an important role. 3) Colorful glass :- These type of glass are used where appearance is of great important like hotels etc

68. 4) Grainted glass :- It is used where light ventilators are necessary & visibility from the glass is avoided through grained type of structure. 5) Non-transparent glass :- It is used where transparent is not required like offices, houses etc.

69. Different types of fixtures & fastening for doors & window :- It can be of iron, brass or aluminium. It should be reasonably smooth and free from sharp edges & corners. These are normally black painted or copper oxidized. These are manufactured in different shapes & sizes to fulfill the functional requirement of doors & window. Types :- Hinges Bolts Handles locks

70. Hinges Different types of hinges commonly used for doors and windows are as follow. Butt hinges :- This type of hinge is most commonly used for fixing door or window shutters to the frame. For normal size of door or window three hinges are used for each shutter. Back flap hinges:- This type of hinges are used with thin shutters where butt hinges can not be used. Counter flap hinges :- This type of hinge are used to shutters folded back to back. Strap hinges :-This type of hinge is normally used with ledged and braced doors, garage doors, etc. Parliamentary hinges :- This type of hinges are used in situations where door or window opening is required to be kept free from obstruction due to shutters when open. Garnet hinges :- This type of hinge is also known as T-hinge, and is commonly used for battened or ledged and braced doors.

72.  Bolt Different type of bolts commonly used for doors and windows are as follows:- Aldrop bolts :- It is fixed on the external doors where pad locks are to be used. Barrel bolt :- It is used for fixing back face of door. The socket is fixed to door frame while the plate is screwed to the inside of the shutter. Hasp and staple bolt:- In this case the hasp is secured to the shutter whereas the stapple is screwed to the door frame. Eye and Hook :- This type of fitting is used for keeping window shutter in position when the window is open. Latch:- it consist of lever pivoted at one end which can be actuated by trigger passing through shutter.

74.  Handles :- Handles are manufactured in a variety of designs. 1) Bow handle 2) Wardrobe handle 3) Lever handle 4) Door handle Bow handle Wardrobe handle

75. Lever handle Door handle

76.  Lock :- 1)Mortise lock 2)Rim lock 3)Lever handle lock 4)Pad lock Mortise lock Rim lock

77. Lever handle lock Pad lock

78. Arches & Lintels Lintel It is horizontal structural member which is fixed over the opening likes door, window etc. To support structure over the opening. Generally rectangular in shape. It acts like a beam & transfer load vertically to supporting wall. 1) Classification of lintels by material :- 2)WOODEN LINTELS 3)STONE LINTELS 4)BRICK LINTKLS 5)REINFORCED BRICK LINTELS 6)REINFORCED CONCRETE LINTELS 7)STEEL LINTELS

79. WOODEN LINTELS :- In hilly areas, where timber for the construction of lintel is easily available, wooden lintels are commonly used. The use of wooden lintel is very rare on account of high cost of the material. Timber if not properly ventilated, it may be decay. Wood being combustible, so wooden lintels cannot be recommended for fire- proof construction. The minimum depth of the lintel should be 7.6 cm

80. 2) STONE LINTELS :- The use of stone lintels is very common where stone available in large quantity. Its is use stone masonry structures or buildings. Minimum thickness of stone lintel in kept 8 cm.

81. 3) BRICK LINTELS :- They are constructed with hard, well burnt, first class bricks. Depending upon the span, their depth varies from 10 cm. (depth of one brick) to 20 cm. (length of one brick). They are considered suitable for small openings (generally not more than 90 cm in span) light loading conditions. Bricks having frogs are more suitable for the construction of lintels.

82. 4) STEEL LINTELS When the depth of the lintel is to be restricted, then it is common to use steel lintel. It consists of section of rolled steel joists.

83. REINFORCED CONCRETE LINTELS :- On account of durability, strength and fire resisting properties, reinforced concrete lintels are very common in use. They are economical and easy in construction. They can be used for bigger spans and heavy loading conditions. It is constructed with 1:2:4 cement concrete re­inforced with steel bars. They may be pre-cast or cast-in -situ. The amount of reinforcement depends upon the span of lintel, width of opening & total based load to be supported by the lintel. The projection in the form of weather shed(chajja) can be easily taken out from lintel. It should thrown the rain water away from wall & prevent the entry of water in the room.

85. ARCH :- An arch may be defined as mechanical arrangement of wedge- shaped blocks of stones or bricks mutually supporting each other and supported at the end by piers or abutments.

86. Classification of Arches Based on Shape 1. Flat Arch 2. Segmental Arch 3. Semicircular Arch 4. Inverted Arch 5. Pointed Arch 6.Semi-Elliptical Arch 7. Horse Shoe Arch Based on Centers 1. One Centre arch 2. Two Centre arch 3. Three Centre arch Based on Workmanship 1. Rough Arch 2. Axed or Rough Cut Arch 3. Gauged Arch Based on Material 1. Stone Arch 2. Brick Arch 3. Concrete Arch