1. Introduction to Biology

2. What is Biology? The study of life The science of living things

3. Origins of word “biology” Biology (Greek or Latin origin) Bios = life Logos = study of

4. Characteristics of Life 1.Cellular composition 2.Growth 3.Reproduction 4.Movement 5.Adaptation 6.Metabolism 7.Specific organization 8.Homeostasis 9.Responsiveness

5. Cellular Composition Made up of at least one cell Unicellular - made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba, paramecium) Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants, fungi, animals)

6. Growth Increase in cell size (unicellular) and/or an increase in cell number (multicellular)

7. Reproduction Asexual- cell division (mitosis)—one cell becomes two Ex: bacteria Sexual- union of sex cells (sperm and egg) Ex: plants and animals

8. Movement 3 types: A.Place to Place- (ex: bear running, bird flying, etc) B.External Part- (ex: + phototropism, plants orient leaves toward sun) C.Internal- (ex: cytoplasmic streaming)

9. Adaptation Changing to meet the needs of the environment Examples: 1. Bird migration- behavioral adaptation

10. Adaptation (continued) 2.Human body temperature- Physiological adaptation 3.Hibernation- physiological adaptation 4.Hare ear length (desert vs. arctic hares)- structural adaptation

11. Metabolism Set of chemical reactions that convert “food” into energy

12. Specific Organization Certain parts do specific jobs (ex: heart, nucleus, chloroplasts, etc)

13. Homeostasis Maintaining the same state Homeo = same, steady Stasis = state Examples: -Water balance inside and outside of cell -Human body temperature *Cells function best when these are in balance

14. Responsiveness Reaction(s) to various stimuli Examples of stimuli: light, heat, pH, vibration, smell, etc.– earthworms respond to all of these

15. Biology is a Unified Science Biology + Chemistry + Physics= Science Why do arctic hares turn white in winter?

16. 1. Arctic winter conditions

17. Kirkoff’s Laws White: Good reflector (reflects light and heat) Poor radiator (heat is lost slowly) Black: Good absorber (absorbs light and heat) Good radiator (heat is lost quickly)

18. Branches of Biology 1.Zoology- the study of animals 2.Ichthyology- the study of fish Why Important? Fish are indicator species. Alert humans to potential environmental problems

19. 3.Mammalogy- study of mammals (NASA) 4.Ornithology- the study of birds Why important? DDT(insecticide used in ‘50s and ’60s) Birds of prey #s declined bioaccumulation- the build up of chemicals or toxins in living things

20. 5.Botany- the study of plants Why important? Food production, medicines 6.Microbiology- study of small life Why important? Medicines, bioterrorism

21. 7.Anatomy- study of an organism’s parts 8.Physiology- study of how organism’s parts work Why important? Health professions, veterinarians

22. 9.Entomology- study of insects Why important? West Nile virus, Yellow fever– carried by mosquitoes 10.Genetics- study of heredity and genetic material (DNA/RNA, chromosomes, genes) Why important? Cloning, research, solving crime

23. 11.Ecology- study of all life in a particular area, the relationships b/t those life forms and the environment Why important? AMD, Overpopulation Ozone Depletion/Greenhouse Effect Rainforest Destruction Pollution- other states pay to dump garbage in PA

24. 12.Cell Biology- the study of cells Why Important? Need to know about cells to learn more about whole organisms

25. Biology As A Science Science Perspectives (3) 1.Teacher- organized body of knowledge -based on facts (some theories) -accuracy and precision important

26. 2.Student- + or – (some like, others don’t) 3.Man or Person on the Street- science has no value -no application to everyday life (uninformed view)

27. Scientific Attitudes Apply to science and everyday life 1.Careful Judgment Life examples A. Drugs/Alcohol B. Driving C. Firearms D. Sex/STDs

28. Scientific Attitudes 2.Desire to Learn *Based on interest* Life Examples A. Hunting/Fishing B. Sports

29. Scientific Attitudes 3.Cause and Effect- **when cause and effect is not understood, superstitious beliefs replace scientific ideas Science examples A. Galileo- sun-centered universe vs. earth- centered universe theory

30. B.Peace Corps – vitamin A shots C.Spontaneous Generation- non-living materials turn into living things Example: mud  fish Life examples A.Smoking/Chewing B.Tanning Beds

31. Scientific Attitudes 4.Concern for Human Welfare Life examples A.Fire/Police depts. B.Clergy C.Teachers D.Scouts E.Americorps

32. Biology Pioneers 1. Aristotle -Greek (1 st bio. teacher) “Father of Biology and Zoology”

33. More on Aristotle Supported spontaneous generation theory Created a theory of the elements 4 elements: A.Earth B. Air C.WaterD. Fire -1 st person to start classifying organisms

34. 2. Hippocrates Greek “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic Oath for doctors (part of his life-long legacy)

35. 3. Leeuwenhoek Dutch His hobby was lens grinding ** He did NOT invent the microscope, he perfected microscope lenses

36. He was the first person to see: A.Bacteria B.Protozoans C.Red blood cells D.Sperm cells -He did NOT support spontaneous generation

37. 4. Lister British Hospital conditions were dirty & infectious Used phenol as a disinfectant “Father of Aseptic Surgery”

38. 5. Fleming British Accidentally discovered first antibiotic (penicillin)

39. 6. Salk and 7. Sabin

40. Salk and Sabin Developed 1 st polio vaccine injection (1955) Didn’t patent vaccine, didn’t want to profit from his discovery Developed oral polio vaccine (1959) Vaccines are weakened forms of disease that tricks body into making antibodies

41. Methods Used in Science 1.Technical Method (Cookbook Approach) -Materials are given -Directions are logical and lead to a known conclusion Ex: Water boils at what temperature F?

42. Technical method (continued) Directions: 1.Water in beaker 2.Heat until boiling 3.Use thermometer to measure temp.

43. 2.Scientific (Research) Method -No materials given -No directions -Unknown conclusion

44. 4 Basic Steps of Scientific Method 1.Observation 2.Hypothesis- educated guess that tries to explain observation 3.Test or experiment 4.Conclusion (match=finished; no match= start over again)

45. Goldenrod Lab Female insects deposit fertilized eggs along goldenrod stem early in growing season. Eggs develop into larva and the plant responds by forming galls. Galls are really tumors. Galls are plant’s response to foreign bodies invading it. Benefits to insect: