1. Introduction to Biology

2. What is Biology Biology is A. Living things can be studied on many relationship to their environment. the study of living things and their different levels.

3. Levels of Organization

4. Biotic vs. Abiotic Living organisms interact with their environment:  is the term that refers to living organisms  refers to the nonliving factors Biotic Abiotic

5. Biotic vs. Abiotic- Let’s Practice Examine the diagram below and list as many BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors as you can BIOTICABIOTIC Frog Trees Slug Mole (mouse) Grass mushrooms Water Air Oxygen Soil Carbon dioxide

6. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ALIVE?

7. EIGHT Characteristics of Living Organisms 1. All Living organisms are made of  Simplest cells are found in They contain membrane bound organelles ( ) one or more cells. bacteria do not prokaryotic

8. CELLS-eukaryotic  Animals and plants are also made up of cells that ( ) Typical Cell do contain organelles eukaryotic Animal Plant

9. Note the differences in the cell types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

10. CELLS-unicellular vs. multicellular Protists are single celled organisms Most animal and plants are multicellular

11. Characteristics of Living Organisms Energy 2. All Living organisms need  Plants use the energy from the sun in and make organic compounds  Animals obtain their energy from plants.  Both plants and animals chemically release energy from food through the process of energy photosynthesis eating cellular respiration

12. Characteristics of Living Organisms Energy continued

13. Characteristics of Living Organisms Growth 3. All living organisms  Increase in the size of a cell  Increase in the number of cells grow

14. Characteristics of Living Organisms Genetic Code 4. All living things have a  Found in DNA and RNA  Passes on your heritable traits  Controls the cell genetic code

15. Characteristics of Living Organisms Change over Time 5. All living things  Organisms mature from young to adult  Species evolve over millions of years change over time

16. Characteristics of Living Organisms Reproduction 6. All living things  Asexually  Sexually reproduce

17. Characteristics of Living Organisms Respond 7. All living things All living organisms can respond by going toward or away from something they detect in their environment  Plants for example bend toward the respond to their environment light

18. Characteristics of Living Organisms Respond-continued  Animals can move toward food or away from predators  Organisms also respond to their internal environment.

19. Characteristics of Living Organisms Homeostasis 8. All living things maintain  This is also called a  Unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis through their working together.  Multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis through the use of working together. homeostasis steady state organelles organ systems

20. Stop and Jot In this box in your notes list the 8 characteristics of life

21. Life Functions The characteristic of life are which all living organisms must be able to do in order to stay alive life functions

22. Nutrition The life process by which an organism and food  -process of taking in of food  -process of breaking down food  -getting rid of food you could obtains processes Ingestion Digestion physically or chemically Egestion not digest

23. Nutrition continued Do you remember the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?  -makes their own food from inorganic materials (plant)  -must depend on other organisms for their food (animals) Autotroph Heterotroph

24. Transport The life process involved with the and of materials into cells  - moves materials in the blood which travels through blood through the vessels to all cells in the body circulation absorption Circulatory system

25. Transport continued  Cytoplasm of a cell transports materials within the cell. : movement of cytoplasm around the cell Cyclosis

26. Respiration The process of from food into a usable form (ATP)  respiration occurs in the either with the use of oxygen ( ) or without the use of oxygen ( ) converting energy Chemicalcell aerobic anaerobic

27. Respiration-continued  respiration is the process of to obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration Physical breathing

28. Synthesis The process of substances from  Materials digested and now combined into the molecules and organism needs for its structure and survival. Proteins are made from amino acids Carbohydrates are made from glucose producing complex simple substances own

29. Growth Growth can result from synthesis. It can include  Increase in  Increase in the overall size of the cell size cell number organism

30. Excretion The removal of that are harmful to the organism. The wastes are the result of all the chemical reactions occurring in your body ( ) Urine (urea), water and salts exhaling CO 2 exhaling CO 2 Sweat NOTE: Egestion-removal of undigested waste Excretion is the removal of chemical waste cellular wastes metabolic waste

31. Regulation Allows the organism to to its external and internal environment Two systems are responsible for regulation System respond NervousEndocrine

32. Reproduction The production of either sexually or asexually  necessary for the survival of the individual  Is necessary for the new individuals Not survival of the species

33. Stop and Jot In this box in your notes list the 8 life functions

34. Metabolism  Metabolism total of all the chemical reactions (life functions) occurring in an organism Controlled by enzymes Sum (organic catalysts)

35. Homeostasis  Homeostasis  State of  Organisms maintain homeostasis by using (Similar to a thermostat in a house) balance feedback

36. Classification

37. Classification-Introduction Scientists like to group and classify everything they are studying. When things are classified they are placed into groups with characteristic. Large groups can then be broken down into with more specific characteristics in common. When living organisms were first classified they were divided into two groups:. As technology improved they needed to create a third group consisting of singled celled organisms. Now there are multiple system of classification. common smaller groups plants and animals

38. Classification-Introduction We will study the system; however they now have added as a group larger than kingdoms. FIVE KINGDOM DOMAINS

39. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. What type of characteristics can be used to classify living organisms?  The of cells (single or multicellular)  The of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)  The type of (autotroph or heterotroph)  The type of structure (does it have a ) Taxonomy number type nutrition backbone

40. Five Kingdom Classification FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM  Monera ( )  Protista ( )  Fungi ( )  Plantae ( )  Animalia ( ) bacteria amoeba mushroom tree human

41. Kingdom Monera  Most  cell-organelles are not bounded by a membrane  inside the cell  Examples Bacteria - Eats others for food) Blue green algae – Makes own food) primitive Prokaryotic Few/no organelles Heterotrophic Autotrophic

42. Monera Ecological Importance  Ecological Importance Used in food processing (can cause disease) Decomposers Pathogens

43. Kingdom Protista  More advanced  cell-organelles are surrounded by a membrane  Posses inside the cell  Single celled or multicellular Eukaryotic many organelles

44. Kingdom Protista Examples  Examples (plant-like) (animal-like) Slime molds (fungi-like) Algae Amoeba Paramecia

45. Protista Ecological Importance  Ecological Importance Source of Main producers of through photosynthesis Pathogens food oxygen

46. Kingdom Fungi  cell-organelles are surrounded by a membrane  Single celled or multicellular  External digestion-food is digested outside of the body  Saprophytes-feed on dead material  Examples Eukaryotic Mushrooms Molds Yeast

47. Fungi Ecological Importance  Ecological Importance Source of Pathogens Source of food Decomposers antibiotics

48. Kingdom Plantae  Eukaryotic  Multicellular  -make their own food  -use light to make their own food  Examples (no true root, stem or leaf) Trees Flowers Autotrophic Photosynthetic Moss

49. Plantae Ecological Importance Ecological Importance Oxygen production Home for animals Recycling of materials Food Medicine

50. Kingdom Animalia  Eukaryotic  Multicellular  -must eat food  -move from place to place Heterotrophic Locomotion

51. Kingdom Animalia-examples  Examples Annelids (earthworm) Arthropods (insects) Coelenterates (jellyfish) Chordates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)

52. Stop and Jot In this box in your notes list the 5 kingdoms

53. Subdivisions of a Kingdom Kingdom is the (most general) category. Under each kingdom are more to help divide all the organisms and they are more detailed as they progress to the most specific which is species. Do You Remember? King Phillip Came Over From Germany Surfing broadest subsections

54. Subdivisions of a kingdom-continued Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over From Germany Surfing

55. Human Classification Classification Group Human KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderPrimates FamilyHominidae Genus Species Homo sapien

56. Naming of Organisms Many organisms have many different common names. For example you may have different names for the organism pictured at the right. devised a scientific way to name all living organisms Carolus Linnaeus

57. Naming of Organisms- Binomial Nomenclature   Scientific name of organisms is composed two names  name s written first with a letter and is  name is written second with a letter and is  Names are bases on the Latin language  No two organisms will have the same scientific name Binomial Nomenclature System Genus capital underlined Specieslower case underlined

58. Let’s Practice (1) 1.What are the eight life functions? 1) Nutrition 2) Transport 3) Respiration 4) Excretion 5) Synthesis 6) Growth 7) Regulation 8) Reproduction

59. Let’s Practice (2-3) 2.What is the scientific name of humans? 3.List the classification groups from the largest to the smallest. Homo sapien Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

60. Let’s Practice (4) 4. The table below gives both the common and scientific names of seven N.Y. S. vertebrates. Use it to answer the following questions: VertebrateCommon nameScientific name AWhite perchMorone americana BGrass pickerelEsox americanus CRock fishMorone saxatilius DVarying hareLepus americanus EAmerican toadBufo americanus FMuskellungeEsox masquinony GStriped bassMorone saxatilius

61. Let’s Practice (4) a)Which two organisms are the same? VertebrateCommon nameScientific name AWhite perchMorone americana BGrass pickerelEsox americanus CRock fishMorone saxatilius DVarying hareLepus americanus EAmerican toadBufo americanus FMuskellungeEsox masquinony GStriped bassMorone saxatilius C & G (Rock fish and Striped bass)

62. Let’s Practice (4) b) Which species are closely related to each other? VertebrateCommon nameScientific name AWhite perchMorone americana BGrass pickerelEsox americanus CRock fishMorone saxatilius DVarying hareLepus americanus EAmerican toadBufo americanus FMuskellungeEsox masquinony GStriped bassMorone saxatilius A, C and G also B &F

63. Let’s Practice (4) c) Are B, D and E related to each other? Defend your answer. VertebrateCommon nameScientific name AWhite perchMorone americana BGrass pickerelEsox americanus CRock fishMorone saxatilius DVarying hareLepus americanus EAmerican toadBufo americanus FMuskellungeEsox masquinony GStriped bassMorone saxatilius No. unless the more general group, genus, is the same it won’t matter if the species is the same or not.