1. HISTORY OF RETAIL

2. Retailing began with surpluses. Rather than wasting the food surplus, it was traded for other surpluses or perhaps tools or other objects. Slowly, people with enough land and good produce started deliberately producing surpluses. Eventually the informal trade in goods become more organized, with central markets being formed where these producers could get together on a regular basis in order to exchange goods.

3. Due to the unavailability of goods at certain times, people started to owe goods to other people. Early forms of credit may have just been verbal agreements. As time passed, some traders and producers decided to keep a record of what was owed. One way this was done was by the debtor leaving some collateral with the creditor – some object or an animal that was held by the creditor until the debt was paid.

4. Over a period of time, it became more normal to use small inanimate objects such as pebbles. Over time these small objects became more decorated and valued and eventually metal coins and paper notes became more and more familiar. So early trading gave rise to money. As time passed, some producers found they were better at selling the goods than growing them (or perhaps enjoyed it more!). Others preferred to stick to growing. So there was a gradual separation of the producers and the traders.

5. And it was not just food that was sold. Tools, trinkets, jewelry, cups, plates and many other objects were traded as well. The informal markets, over time, became more formal and more permanent. So shops began. Other traders would prefer to travel around selling their goods. These became known as peddlers. Selling from a regular market, from a permanent shop or peddling goods became collectively known as retailing.

6. International Retailing- a global perspective All the activities involved in selling products and services to final international consumers for their personal consumption.

7. Why do retailers seek to expand overseas? – Small size of home markets. – Slow growth in home markets. – Escape constraints of local planning laws. – Market seeking and expansion. – Economies of scope and scale. – Sales and profits.

8. Issues in International Retailing Legislation and Regulation Taxation and Cross Border Shopping Variations in Retailing Practice and Customs

9. An unsuccessful International Retail operation would lead to: 1. Poor trading performance – sales, profits, market share. 2. Customer attitudes to the brand and shopping behavior 3. Closure of shops 4. Neglect and lack of investment 5. High staff turnover 6. Changing methods of operation (eg from own shops to franchise)

10. World’s 10 topmost stores Rank Country of origin Name of company FormatsCountries of operation 1. US Walmart Discount, Hypermarket, Supermarket, warehouse. Argentina,Brazil,Canada,China, Germany,Mexico, Puerto Rico, S.Korea,UK,US 2.FranceCarrefour Cash&Carry, Convenience, Discount, Hypermarket, Supermarket Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, China, Columbia, Czech Rep,France,Dominican Republic, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Oman, Poland, Portugal, Qatar Romania, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UAE. 3 Netherlands Royal Ahold Cash&Carry, Discount, Drug, Convenience, Hypermarket, Specialty, Supermarket. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Czech, Rep, Denmark, Equador, El Salvador, Estonia,

11. World’s 10 topmost stores Rank Country of origin Name of company FormatsCountries of operation Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, US 4. US Home Depot DIY, Specialty Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, US 5. US KrogerConvenience, Discount, Specialty, Supermarket, Warehouse US Germany Metro AG 6. Cash&Carry, Department, DIY, Hypermarket, Specialty, Superstore Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Rep, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Morocco,

12. World’s 10 topmost stores Rank Country of origin Name of company FormatsCountries of operation Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, Vietnam 7. Target US Department, Discount US US Albertson’s 8. Drug, Supermarket, Warehouse US US Kmart Discount, Superstore US 9. 10. US Sears Department, Mail Order, Specialty Canada, Puerto Rico, US

13. RETAIL IN INDIA - THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

14. RETAIL IN INDIA – PAST Completely unorganized Thrived as separate entities Lack of international exposure Few Indian companies Market was not completely captured Ushering in of malls

15. RETAIL IN INDIA - PRESENT Accelerating retail industry Highly diverse demography Immense scope for companies bringing in different products Targeting different consumers. Large section of Indian population between the age group of 20-34 years. High purchasing power Increase in demand in the urban market

16. As the Indian retailing is getting more and more organized various retail formats are emerging to capture the potential of the market. Mega Malls Multiplexes Large and small supermarkets Hypermarkets Departmental stores

17. RETAIL IN INDIA - THE FUTURE Indian retail industry will gain greater worth The Retail sector in the small towns and cities will increase immensely pertaining to easy and inexpensive availability of land and demand among consumers. Growth in India real estate sector is also complementing the retail sector.

18. Organized retail market in India is expected to grow at a tremendous rate. Number of shopping malls is expected to increase. Organized retailing of mobile handset and accessories is expected to increase. Apparel, along with food and grocery, will lead the organized retailing in India.

19. India’s 10 topmost stores Rank Head OfficeName of company Segments/ Formats 1. 2. 3 Pantaloon Retail Mumbai Food & grocery (Big bazaar, Food bazaar), Home solutions (Hometown, furniture bazaar, collection-i), consumer electronics (e-zone), shoes (shoe factory), Books: music & gifts (Depot), Health & Beauty care services (Star, Sitara and Health village in the pipeline), e-tailing (Futurbazaar.com), entertainment (Bowling co.) K Raheja Group Crossword (book stores), Homes stop (home solutions), Mothercare( childcare). Tata groupWestside (a lifestyle retail chain) and Star India Bazaar - a hypermarket, Croma, (consumer electronics) Titan (watches). 4. RPG Group Spencer’s Hyper, Super, Daily and Express, Music World, Books and Beyond( Books). Mumbai

20. Head OfficeSegments/ Formats Rank Name of company 5. Landmark group Home solutions (Home centre), fashion (Lifestyle, landmark International), value retailing (Max retail), hypermarkets & supermarkets (Max), kids entertainment (Funcity). 6. RelianceReliance Fresh, Reliance Mart Hypermart, 7. AV Birla Group Brand include Louis Phillipe, Van Heusen, Allen Solly, Peter England, Trouser town. Trinethra (food & grocery), supermarkets (More). Chennai