1. First Five: Friday 4/29/16 1.The Crusades affected life in Western Europe in many ways. For instance, they helped to bring an end to feudalism. Why did this happen? (6-5.3) A.Trade decreased across western Europe B.Kings had less power over the land they ruled C.Peasants no longer needed the protection of the manor D.Technology made knights more effective in warfare 2. Which statement best describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe during the Middle Ages? (6-5.4) A.The Church encouraged individuals to question authority. B.Church leaders were only involved in spiritual activities. C.The Church gained influence as people became more interested in secular affairs. D.The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order.

2. The Italian Renaissance The period of “rebirth” following Europe’s Middle Ages

3. Origins of the Renaissance 1. Italian cities increased trade with Asia after the Black Plague and were exposed to new ideas. 2.Increase in Wealth 3. Italian merchant families became very wealthy and used this money to support education and cultural activities.

4. Florence, Italy Florence bankers kept money for European merchants. The Medici family, who were the wealthiest of the bankers, ruled Florence. Cosimo de Medici wanted Florence to be the most beautiful city in the world: Hired artists and architects Built libraries and collected to books to improve education Florence became the center of Italian art, literature, and culture causing rich families in other Italian cities to try to outdo each other.

5. Key Features: Love of art and education Interest in classical cultures of the ancient Greeks and Romans Importance of people as individuals

6. Humanism A new way of thinking in the 1300s that stressed the importance of human abilities and actions rather than religion Effects of Humanism Education: began to study the humanities (poetry, history, art, Greek and Latin languages) Art: looked to the Greek and Roman ruins and statues for inspiration Religion: began to question if the Christian Church was corrupt and emphasize devotion to God and Jesus rather than Church ritual

7. Humanism in Science The Renaissance philosophy of rethinking old beliefs applied to the field of science as well. Scientists such as Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton began to reexamine the physical world. From their reexamination, new scientific fields and principles developed. Kepler Galileo (invented telescope)

8. Political Realism As learning increased, people also began to have broader ideas about politics and government, not focusing solely on the church as the leader. An important political book was written that discussed the relationship between the ruler and the ruled. It was called The Prince by Machiavelli. It was very controversial at the time and continues to raise controversy even today. Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive, powerful) and a fox (sneaky, cunning). “It is better to be feared than loved.” The Prince is still studied by political scholars and is considered one of the world’s most important books on politics.

9. Contributions: 1.Art studied anatomy (the structure of the human body) and drew humans realistically Used new technique called perspective, which using light and shading to show depth and distance on flat surfaces 2.Education Studied math and science to improve architecture and learned the earth revolves around the sun 3.Literature Wrote in language of own country so everyone could read it

10. Great Artists Michelangelo - Designed buildings, wrote poetry, carved sculptures, and painted magnificent pictures Most famous work is the SISTINE CHAPEL in St. Peter’s Cathedral Leonardo da Vinci - Expert painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, engineer, town planner, and mapmaker Most famous works are the MONA LISA and THE LAST SUPPER Is considered to be the classic example of a “Renaissance Man.”

11. Michelangelo Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

12. Michelangelo Close up of The Sistine Chapel Ceiling The face of God The Prophet Isaiah The hands of God and Adam

13. Michelangelo Sculpture of David Pieta – a marble sculpture

14. Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper

15. Leonardo da Vinci Self-PortraitThe Mona Lisa

16. Leonardo da Vinci Studies of Anatomy Design for a Flying Machine

17. Spread of the Renaissance: 1.Papermaking spread from China to Europe. How do you think paper got to Europe? 2. Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press that used movable type.

18. 3. Books became more available and people learned to read, became educated, and wanted to learn more. The first books printed by the printing press were about Christianity, but later others were printed. 4. Europeans came to study in Italy’s universities and took ideas back home with them.

19. The Reformation Causes: People thought the Catholic Church had become corrupt. They felt: The church was too rich. The priests were not religious. The church’s sale of indulgences (a document signed by the Pope excusing people from penalties for their sins) was immoral.

20. Reformation Causes, Cont. Humanist ideas also helped to bring about Reformation in the church. Due to the printing press making books more available, more people were able to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.

21. Key Events of the Reformation MARTIN LUTHER called for reform of the Roman Catholic Church and started the Reformation by nailing a list of 95 complaints (called the Ninety-Five Theses) against the Catholic Church on a German church door.

22. Some of Luther’s complaints Luther disagreed with the church’s teachings on the following topics: Individuals need an intermediate (such as a priest) to communicate with God. People could buy indulgences to excuse them of the consequences of their sins. The Pope could excommunicate people from the Church. The Pope excommunicated Luther leading to a split in the church.

23. Key Events (continued) Protestantism was created by reformers who supported Luther and his protest against the Catholic Church. Martin Luther Ninety-Five Theses

24. Key Events (continued) JOHN CALVIN followed Luther’s example and began to protest as well. He taught that common people should have a say in church policy and the idea of predestination. Predestination means that God knows who will be saved before they are born.

25. Key Events, cont. As a result of the teachings of John Calvin, several denominations were formed. They include Puritans, Huguenots, and Presbyterians. Each of these groups rejected the teachings of the Catholic Church. While Luther originally meant to push the Catholic Church to make changes, it was Calvin who pushed people to reject Catholicism all together and become Protestants.

26. The Counter Reformation The Catholic Church tried to prevent the spread of Protestantism by reforming their church from within. Church leaders met at the Council of Trent to reform Catholic teachings and rules. They rejected Protestant ideas.

27. Effects of the Reformation 1.Division in Europe between the Protestants and Catholics – northern Europe became mostly Protestant while southern Europe remained Catholic.

28. Effects of Reformation, cont. 2. Political Changes - a new interest in self- government developed. 3.People became more curious about science and the natural world. 4.People continued to disagree over the Catholic/Protestant issue for decades, this includes the fighting of several wars. These disagreements also lead to the colonization of America as people look for religious freedom.

29. FOR THE TEST, you need to study your vocabulary and your notes!!!