1. Origins of the Reformation World History II Mr. Mears

2. Background During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church was a dominant force in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church was a dominant force in Europe. Problems began to develop as the Roman Catholic Church became corrupt. Problems began to develop as the Roman Catholic Church became corrupt.

3. Background Criticism developed over rich lifestyles, political aspirations of religious figures, and ongoing religious warfare Criticism developed over rich lifestyles, political aspirations of religious figures, and ongoing religious warfare

5. Reformation A movement to reform (change for the better) the Roman Catholic Church A movement to reform (change for the better) the Roman Catholic Church Changed the Church’s way of teaching and practicing Christianity Changed the Church’s way of teaching and practicing Christianity Originated in Europe in the early 1500s Originated in Europe in the early 1500s

7. Causes for Reformation Church corruption Church corruption Wealth and power of the Church Wealth and power of the Church Italian domination of the Church Italian domination of the Church Increase of merchants Increase of merchants Humanism and Erasmus Humanism and Erasmus Invention of the printing press Invention of the printing press Challenge of Martin Luther Challenge of Martin Luther

8. Church Corruption Practice of selling indulgences started by John Tetzel Practice of selling indulgences started by John Tetzel A pardon bought to erase sins A pardon bought to erase sins Could be used to cancel out future sins Could be used to cancel out future sins Buy way into heaven Buy way into heaven

9. Tetzel selling indulgences

11. Church Corruption Indulgences sold to raise money for the Church Indulgences sold to raise money for the Church Funded St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome Funded St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

14. Church Corruption Church positions were not given to most qualified but instead were sold to the highest bidder Church positions were not given to most qualified but instead were sold to the highest bidder No skills required for Church positions No skills required for Church positions Church officials taxed Church officials taxed people to raise money

15. Wealth and Power of Church As a result of taxes and indulgences, the Church held a lot of power, money, and land. As a result of taxes and indulgences, the Church held a lot of power, money, and land. Leaders of European nations became angered that the Church held more money and power than the state. Leaders of European nations became angered that the Church held more money and power than the state.

16. Henry VIII

17. Italian Domination of Church Italian city-states were seen as the center for the Roman Catholic Church. Italian city-states were seen as the center for the Roman Catholic Church. Pope lives in Rome Pope lives in Rome Wealthy Italians controlled the Church Wealthy Italians controlled the Church

19. Italian Domination of Church As a result of the Italian domination of the Church, the nobility in England and German states were angered As a result of the Italian domination of the Church, the nobility in England and German states were angered

20. Increase of Merchant Class A merchant refers to a business person A merchant refers to a business person Growth of merchant class during the Renaissance Growth of merchant class during the Renaissance

21. Increase in Merchant Class The Church did not allow merchants to charge interest on loans The Church did not allow merchants to charge interest on loans As a result, merchants were angry on profit lost As a result, merchants were angry on profit lost

22. Erasmus and Humanism Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More were Christian humanists. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More were Christian humanists. Spoke out against Church corruption Spoke out against Church corruption Salvation could be reached on own Salvation could be reached on own

23. Erasmus In Praise of Folly In Praise of Folly

24. Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg – 1455 Johannes Gutenberg – 1455 The printing press allowed for the spread of learning and new ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation at a faster rate The printing press allowed for the spread of learning and new ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation at a faster rate

25. Martin Luther 1483-1546 1483-1546 Monk who began protesting corrupt policies of the Church Monk who began protesting corrupt policies of the Church

26. Martin Luther In 1517, he posts the 95 Theses on a church in Wittenberg. In 1517, he posts the 95 Theses on a church in Wittenberg. 95 Theses were 95 formal statements addressing corruption in Church and the sale of indulgences. 95 Theses were 95 formal statements addressing corruption in Church and the sale of indulgences.

28. Martin Luther Luther wanted full reform of the Church addressing on 3 main ideas Luther wanted full reform of the Church addressing on 3 main ideas Salvation only by faith Salvation only by faith Church should only base teachings from the Bible Church should only base teachings from the Bible All people with faith were equal. All people with faith were equal.

31. Martin Luther With the aid of the printing press, Martin Luther’s ideas were quickly spread across Europe beginning the Reformation. With the aid of the printing press, Martin Luther’s ideas were quickly spread across Europe beginning the Reformation.

32. Martin Luther In response to his actions, Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther for criticizing the Church and the Pope In response to his actions, Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther for criticizing the Church and the Pope Excommunicate means getting kicked out of the church Excommunicate means getting kicked out of the church

34. Immediate Results of Reformation Protestant religious group created separate from Church. Protestant religious group created separate from Church. Peasant Revolt in 1524 Peasant Revolt in 1524 German states at war in 1529 German states at war in 1529 Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each state determines own religion Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each state determines own religion

38. Reformation in England England becomes Protestant under Henry VIII in 1534 for political reasons England becomes Protestant under Henry VIII in 1534 for political reasons 1547 Edward VI succeeds Henry VIII 1547 Edward VI succeeds Henry VIII 1553 Catholic Mary I rules and kills Protestants in England 1553 Catholic Mary I rules and kills Protestants in England 1558 Elizabeth I succeeds Mary I and restores Protestant Church 1558 Elizabeth I succeeds Mary I and restores Protestant Church

40. Reformation in England 1588 As a result of England’s support of a Protestant revolt in Catholic Spain, an armada was sent to invade England but was completely annihilated 1588 As a result of England’s support of a Protestant revolt in Catholic Spain, an armada was sent to invade England but was completely annihilated

42. Reformation Immediate Effects During the 1500s, religious revolts and reform spread throughout European nations During the 1500s, religious revolts and reform spread throughout European nations

44. John Calvin 1509-1564 1509-1564 Predestination – doctrine stating God has decided beforehand who will be saved Predestination – doctrine stating God has decided beforehand who will be saved Ideal government was theocracy – dominated by religion Ideal government was theocracy – dominated by religion Calvinism religion formed based on teachings of Calvin Calvinism religion formed based on teachings of Calvin

46. Other Reformers Anabaptists – Protestant group who believed in only baptizing those old enough to decide to be Christian Anabaptists – Protestant group who believed in only baptizing those old enough to decide to be Christian Separation of church and state Separation of church and state Influenced creation of Amish, Quakers, Baptists Influenced creation of Amish, Quakers, Baptists

48. Catholic Reformation While Protestant churches won many followers, millions remained loyal to the Catholic Church. While Protestant churches won many followers, millions remained loyal to the Catholic Church. A 16 th century movement began in which the Catholic Church reformed itself in response to the Protestant Reformation (Catholic Reformation) A 16 th century movement began in which the Catholic Church reformed itself in response to the Protestant Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

49. Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola Catholic Reformer Catholic Reformer Formed religious order with members of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Formed religious order with members of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

51. Catholic Reformation Jesuit goals Jesuit goals Founded schools across Europe Founded schools across Europe Convert non-Christians to Catholicism Convert non-Christians to Catholicism Stop spread of Protestantism Stop spread of Protestantism

52. Catholic Reformation Council of Trent – meetings of Church leaders from 1545-1563 Council of Trent – meetings of Church leaders from 1545-1563

54. Council of Trent Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final Faith and good works needed for salvation Faith and good works needed for salvation The Bible and Church tradition are equally powerful authorities The Bible and Church tradition are equally powerful authorities Indulgences are valid expressions of faith Indulgences are valid expressions of faith

55. Legacy of Reformation Protestant churches flourished despite religious wars and persecutions. Protestant churches flourished despite religious wars and persecutions. (Spanish Inquisition, 30 Years War) Religion now divided Europe Religion now divided Europe Increase in power of individual leaders and states. Increase in power of individual leaders and states. Foundation for modern nation-states Foundation for modern nation-states

56. 30 Years War 1618-1648 1618-1648 Fought in the German States (Holy Roman Empire) between Catholics and Protestants Fought in the German States (Holy Roman Empire) between Catholics and Protestants Ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648) Ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648)

58. Church < State