2. 15.3 Fascism Rises in Europe Main Idea: In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turned to totalitarian dictators. Why it Matters Now: These dictators changed the course of history, and the world is still recovering from their abuse of power.

3. Fascists in Italy BBenito Mussolini seized power in Italy in 1922 PPlayed on Italian anger about the Versailles Treaty (WWI) MMussolini outlawed all political parties except his own HHe controlled the press and banned criticism of government

4. Totalitarian Governments  Totalitarian system  Gov takes total, centralized, state control of every aspect of public and private life  aka Dictatorship Discuss p.441

5. Education and the media are strictly controlled by the government One person holds all of the power no elections Anyone considered an enemy of the Dictator and his party would be persecuted Only one political party & the Dictator is the leader of the party Dictators rely upon a large, strong, & loyal army to maintain power What is a Dictatorship?

6. Totalitarian Governments Communism  Classless society  Government owned everything: land, industry, etc.  No private property  Difficult to achieve in practice Fascism  Extreme nationalists  loyalty to the state & obedience to its leader  Each class has its place in society  Denied individual rights  Private property with gov control  Anti-communist Discuss chart p.477

7. Benito Mussolini  Italy  Called “Il Duce” (the leader)  Fascist  racism and cultural superiority  Military control & secret police  Gov censorship http://www.history.com/topics/benito- mussolini/videos#benito-mussolini

8. Adolf Hitler  Germany  Leader of the Nazi Party  National Socialists  Type of fascism  Called the “Fuhrer”  Wrote Mein Kampf  Beliefs of German racial superiority  Vowed to regain Germany’s loss from WWI  More lebensraum: living space  Rebuilt economy by preparing for another war  Built tanks, guns and other war supplies  Gov controlled press, schools, and religion http://www.history.com/videos/adolf-hitler

9. Joseph Stalin  Russia/Soviet Union  Communist leader  Controlled every aspect of people’s lives  Eliminated all competition to keep power  secret police  Goals  end free enterprise  industrialize  set up collective farms  leads to protests & famine  4 -6 million deaths http://www.history.com/topi cs/joseph- stalin/videos#stalins-purges

10. Other Dictators SSpain: Francisco Franco ffascist JJapan: Hirohito mmilitarianism CChina: Mao Zedong ccommunist In 1935, Czechoslovakia was the only remaining democracy in eastern Europe

11. Assignment  Compare/contrast Hitler, Mussolini, & Stalin (Make a chart)  Rise to power  Problems faced by country  Economic Plan  Style of leadership

12. 15.4 Aggressors Invade Nations Main Idea: As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquered other countries, the rest of the world did nothing to stop them. Why it Matters Now: Many nations today take a more active and collective role in world affairs, as in the United Nations.

13. Japan  1920’s: Japanese gov became more democratic  ruled by a prime minister  signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war  1930: Gov blamed for Great Depression  military leaders gained support & control  made Emperor Hirohito the symbol of state power  army leaders who ruled in his name

14. Japan  wanted to solve economic problems by foreign expansion planned a Pacific empire included China gain raw materials & markets for goods gain land for rising population

16. Japan Invades China  1931: the Japanese army seized Manchuria  China’s northeast province  area rich in iron & coal  Invested in by Japanese businesses  Army set up a puppet gov.  built mines & factories  1 st direct challenge to the League of Nations  League condemned act, but had no power to enforce decisions  1933: Japan withdrew from the league

17. Japan Invades China  1937: border incident started full-scale war between Japan & China  July 7, 1937: Japan & China exchanged shots at a railroad bridge near Beijing  Japanese forces swept into northern China  Despite having a million soldiers, China’s army was no match for the better equipped and trained Japanese Known in English as Chiang Kai-shek

18. “The Rape of Nanjing”  December 13, 1937: Japan marched into Nanjing  capital of China  Chiang forces had fled to establish a new capital  For 6 weeks, chaos consumed the city  Japanese lined people up by the hundreds and killed them en masse  300,000 died  An estimated 20,000 - 80,000 women were raped; many were disemboweled and left to die. Some soldiers even nailed the women alive to walls.

19. Pan Kaiming, now 80, and a former autoworker, carries a calling card that reads "Nanjing Massacre Survivor." Pan says that on December 14, 1937, he was among about 300 people who were lined up to face a firing squad. The Japanese sprayed the group with machine gun fire. Pan awoke beneath a pile of bodies. "Slowly, slowly, I made my way out," he recalled. "My coat was completely soaked with blood. I thought I was a ghost." He went to the river to clean the blood from his body, but the river was red -- filled with blood running from hundreds of corpses tossed into the water. Pan escaped by pretending to be a messenger for a Japanese officer.

20. Chinese prisoners being buried alive.

21. Forced to retreat, Jiang Jieshi set up a new capital at Chongqing. At the same time, Chinese Communist guerrillas led by Mao Zedong continued to fight in the conquered area.

22. Mussolini Haile Selassie Mussolini  Mussolini wanted a colonial empire in Africa  Oct. 1935: Mussolini invaded Ethiopia  ruled by Haile Selassie  had successfully resisted an Italian attempt at conquest during the 1890’s  Was no match for the Italian army this time  May 1936: Mussolini told a cheering crowd that “Italy has at last her empire…a Fascist empire.”

23. Mussolini  Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations for help  condemned the attack, but did nothing  Britain continued to let Italian troops & supplies pass through the British controlled Suez Canal on their way to Ethiopia  hoped to keep peace in Europe

24. Hitler  Hitler pledged to undo the Versailles Treaty (WWI)  limited the size of Germany’s army  March 1935: Hitler announced that Germany would not obey the restrictions  League issued only a mild condemnation  The League’s failure to stop Hitler from building up its armed forces only convinced him to take even more greater risks  Banners throughout Germany announced, “Today Germany! Tomorrow the World!”

25. Hitler  March 7, 1936: German troops move into the Rhineland  Against the treaty  Buffer zone for France  French were unwilling to risk war  Turning point in march toward war 1.strengthened Hitler’s power & prestige 2.balance of power changed in Germany’s favor 3.weak response by France & Britain encouraged Hitler to speed up his expansion

26. Hitler  Hitler’s growing strength convinced Mussolini to seek an alliance with Germany  October 1936, Rome-Berlin Axis  Treaty between Hitler and Mussolini  Nov: Hitler made an agreement with Japan  Germany, Italy, & Japan came to be called the Axis Powers

28. Hitler  Nov 5, 1937: Hitler announces plans to absorb Austria & Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich (German Empire)  March 1938: Hitler sends his army into Austria and annexed it  direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles  prohibited a union between Germany & Austria

29. Hitler  Hitler next turns to Czechoslovakia  had developed into a strong democratic country with a strong army & a defense treaty with France.  1938: Hitler demands that the Sudetenland be given to Germany  3 million German-speaking people lived in Sudetenland  western border of Czechoslovakia  formed the Czechs’ main defense against Germany  Czechs refuse & ask France for help

30. Hitler  Sept. 29, 1938: Munich Conference  Germany, France, Britain, & Italy meet  Czechs not invited 1. Britain & France agree Hitler could take the Sudetenland 2. Germany would respect Czechs new borders  Less than 6 months later: German troops took Czechoslovakia  Mussolini takes nearby Albania  Hitler demands Poland return former German port Danzig  Poles refused & turned to France & Britain for aid

31. Hitler  Britain & France ask the Soviet Union to join them in stopping Hitler’s aggression  Negotiations proceed slowly  France & Britain do not trust the Communist gov  Stalin resented having been left out of the Munich Conference  Stalin also bargained with Hitler

32. Hitler  Aug. 23, 1939: Hitler & Stalin sign a nonaggression pact  publicly commit to never attack one another  Hitler promised Stalin territory  agree to divide Poland between them  agree that the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia)  Removed the threat of Germany being attacked by the USSR from the east

33. The non-aggression pact was surprising. Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies. When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia. Hitler also hated Communism, the form of government in Russia

34. Spanish Civil War  1931: Spain changes from a monarchy to a republic  July 1936: General Francisco Franco led a revolt with army leaders  called “Nationalists”  favored a Fascist gov.  began a 3-year civil war  Hitler & Mussolini sent troops, tanks & airplanes to help Franco’s forces  Only the Soviet Union sent equipment & advisors to aid the Spanish Republicans  1939: Resistance collapsed & Franco became dictator Francisco Franco

35. Spanish Civil War Discuss “Analyzing Art” p.484

36. Isolationism  U.S. followed an isolationist policy  political ties to other nations should be avoided  argued that entry into WWI was a costly error  determined to prevent a repeat of this mistake  1935: Congress passed 3 Neutrality Acts  laws banned loans & sale of arms to nations at war  believed it would keep the U.S. out of another foreign war

37. Explain what the cartoonist suggests Hitler is doing. Who are the other people in this picture and what does the cartoonist think of them?

38. Assignment  Isolationism worksheet  p. 486 #15-18, CT #2-3