1. Energy

2. P1 Electricity & Waves 2. Renewable energy sources.. 1. Energy sources & / power stations& 3. Energy sources & the environment& 4. 4. Comparing energy sources 5. 5. Electricity & the National Grid 6. 6. Waves 7. 7. EMS & communication 8. 8. Sound waves 9. 9. Origin of the Universe

3. Energy sources & power stations power stations Non- Renewable Renewable Fossil fuels coal oil Natural gas Nuclear Will all run out All damage environment Provide most of our energy Uranium & Plutonium wind Wave Tidalhydroelectric solar Geothermal Biofuel Will never run out. Do not do as much damage to the environment. Unreliable. Provide small amounts of energy. Fossil fuel (Chemical potential energy) Burn (thermal energy) Boiler Water  steam Turbine Kinetic energy Generator Electrical energy Nuclear reactors Nuclear fission Same EXCEPT radioactive decay of fuel produces the heat to turn water into steam

4. Renewable energy sources 7. 7. Biofuel 6. 6. Geothermal power 1. 1. Wind power 2. 2. Solar power 5. 5. Tidal power 3. 3. Hydroelectric power 4. 4. Wave power

5. Wind power Wind drives a turbine (Kinetic energy) Turbine drives generator (electrical energy) Advantages No pollution (except manufacture) No permanent damage to landscape Minimal running costs (no fuel costs) Renewable energy source - will not run out Disadvantages Unreliable energy source No chance to increase supply when there is high demand High start up costs Need a lot of them High visual impact Noisy Need a lot of space Need to be in a windy place

6. Solar power Generates currents directly from sunlight Advantages No pollution (except manufacture) No environmental damage (except manufacture) Used in remote places Renewable energy source - will not run out Almost no running costs Disadvantages Solar cells are expensive Unreliable energy source ( unless very sunny country) Does not work at night! No chance to increase supply when there is high demand Solar cells only generator small amounts of electricity

7. Hydroelectricity

8. Hydroelectric power Water drives a turbine (Kinetic energy) Turbine drives generator (electrical energy) Advantages No pollution when running Renewable energy source - will not run out Reliable energy source (if no drought!) Minimal running costs (no fuel costs) Good in remote areas Pumped storage High start up costs Huge environmental cost Flooding valley; destroys habitat. rotting vegetation releases methane +CO 2. People can lose homes Look unsightly when they dry up! Disadvantages Pump water back up Peak demand

9. Wave power NOT the same as Tidal ! Turbine drives generator (electrical energy) Water drives a turbine (Kinetic energy) Advantages Renewable energy source - will not run out Minimal running costs Good in remote Island areas No pollution when running Disadvantages High start up costs Unreliable energy source Visual impact

10. Tidal power NOT the same as Wave! Turbine drives generator (electrical energy) Sun & Moon’s gravity move water... drives a turbine (Kinetic energy) Remember the source of the energy is the gravitational force of the Moon & Sun Advantages Quite reliable energy source (twice a day & can predict height) Disadvantages Height of tide varies (energy will vary) Good for storing energy for peak demand Quite high start up costs environmental cost Renewable energy source - will not run out Minimal running costs

11. Geothermal power Can only happen where the Earth’s crust is thin. Radioactive decay in rocks produces heat Pump water down drill shaft Water  Steam which comes up another drill shaft Turbine Kinetic energy Generator Electrical energy Advantages Reliable energy source Renewable energy source - will not run out Minimal running costs Disadvantages Limited number of possible locations High start up cost compared to the amount of energy out

12. Biofuel Made from plants and waste Generate electricity in the same way as fossil fuels Sources solids Straw / woodchips liquids gas Methane –biogas from sludge digesters Ethanol from fermenting crops biodiesel from plant oils Advantages Renewable energy source - will not run out Reliable Quick to obtain Carbon neutral Disadvantages deforestation Loss of habitat Burning increases CO 2. Loss of food crops Create jobs locally Cost of fuel

13. Energy sources & the environment Non- renewables Fossil Fuels Release CO 2 increases greenhouse effect  global warming/climate change Acid rain Extraction damages environment & affects habitats Nuclear No greenhouse gases Disposal of waste & consequence of accidents is dangerous Renewables Depends on the source but they generally have less affect on the environment than fossil fuels Carbon capture & storage Reduce amount of CO 2 going into atmosphere Collect CO 2 from power station before it goes into atmosphere Pump into empty gas & oil fields New technology so ideas are being developed (algae)

14. 4. Comparing energy sources Set up costs Renewable need bigger power stations for the same output compared to non-renewable....costs more Hydroelectric & nuclear have huge engineering costs for safety. reliability non-renewable is more reliable.... until runs out! Renewable is often weather dependant Environmental issues weather dependence Visual impact Atmospheric pollution Using up resources Noise pollution Disrupting habitats Danger from accidents (dam burst / nuclear accident/ contamination) Running / fuel costs Renewables are lowest Set-up decommissioning time Depends on size of power station Depends on complexity of engineering Planning issuesGas = quickest Nuclear = longest & costs most to decommision location Often near energy source

15. Electricity & the National Grid Electricity distribution network for UK. (power station  homes / industry) Power can be generated anywhere on grid. Need a high voltage or high current Problem: high I l ose lots of energy as heat... So high V + low I. Distribution Step Up transformer. Pylons or underground cables. Use transformers to get high V for grid. (400 000V) Use transformers to get safe V for home. (230V) Step Down transformer. Cheaper. Lots of maintenance. Easy to repair. Ugly. Affected by weather. Less reliable. Hard to set up. Disturb land when laying Just learn pros & cons for Pylons. For cables it is the opposite.... Simples!! Problem..... Supply & demand Is increasing More power plants? Or more efficient? energy efficient appliances? Consumers Less waste?

16. Waves (A) Amplitude ( ) wavelength ( f ) frequency - Hz v = f m/s Hzm vibration Wave / energy direction Transverse waves Vibrations = perpendicular (90°) to direction of energy transfer Light & all other EMS waves, water longitudinal waves Vibrations = parallel to direction of energy transfer Sound (ultrasound) Compression + rarefaction (slinky)

17. Reflection Wave Properties Image is... virtual. upright. laterally inverted. Refraction Caused by change of speed as wave enters medium with different density. Waves slow down Diffraction

18. Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio Micro Infra-Red Light Ultra-Violet X rays Gamma Wavelength ( ) increases Gate X Usually Lets In Most Radiation All EMS travels at the same speed 300 x 10 6 m/s in a vacuum. Frequency ( f ) increases Radiation therapyseeing bonesSunbeds To see! Night vision Mobile phones And TV’s !

19. Radio waves & communication Short-wave signals reflect off the ionosphere long-wave signals can be diffracted, they follow the Earth’s curvature microwaves

20. Microwaves & communication For satellite communication AND mobile phones Microwaves pass through Earth’s watery atmosphere For remote sensing satellites;

21. Infrared (IR) waves & communication Different patterns (commands) are emitted by the remote & received by the TV. The data is carried as pulses of light or IR very quickly + over long distances.

22. Sound waves Longitudinal waves compression rarefaction 1 wavelength Reflection = echo ! Can also be refracted.

23. Origin of the universe Expanding Universe Big Bang 14 billion years old Evidence ? CMBR Cosmic microwave background radiation Uniformly spread through the universe Limitations Red shift (like Doppler effect) of light from other galaxies The further away the galaxy the bigger the red shift. (moving faster) Other theories? Should be slowing down ? What caused it? Big bang is only explanation for existence of CMBR