1. Journal Explain the difference between active and passive transport. Give an example of each

2. CH 8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

3. ENERGY Almost ALL energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the SUN!! Energy in sunlight is captured and used to make organic compounds (glucose) by plants and other autotrophs

4. Photosynthesis Is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy Energy is stored as sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Organisms who can use this energy from the sun and produce their own foods are autotrophs Autotrophs can then be eaten by heterotrophs – organisms who must get their energy from food

5. Heterotrophs Heterotrophs get energy from food through cellular respiration Cellular respiration releases the energy in food to make ATP to provide us with energy

6. Autotroph or Heterotroph??

13. Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors. WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Gamma rays X-raysUVInfrared Micro- waves Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

14. Why are plants green? Reflected light Transmitted light

15. Photosynthesis Has 3 Stages: Energy is captured from sunlight by chlorophyll Takes place in the chloroplasts, using chlorophyll, the green pigment in plantschloroplasts chlorophyll Energy from sunlight is changed into ATP Using Carbon dioxide, glucose is produced to store energy (Cellular Respiration)

16. ATP When a phosphate bond is broken, ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) forms ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and energy is released.

17. What’s Happening? Leaves are a primary site of photosynthesis in plants because their cells contain many chloroplasts Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called stomatastomata CO 2 combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to make glucose

18. What’s Happening Cont’d? The sugar is moved through tubes in the leaf to the roots, stems and fruits of the plants Some of the sugar is used right away by the plant for energy; some is stored as starch; and some is built into plant tissue Thylakoid discs in leaves

19. Photosynthesis Cont’d Photosynthesis powered by: Amount of Carbon Dioxide available Amount of Water available Amount of Sunlight available Temperature Waste product of photosynthesis is: Oxygen!!

20. 2 TYPES OF REACTIONS 1. LIGHT REACTIONS: a. split a H 2 O molecule b. make the gas O 2 2. DARK REACTIONS: a.k.a. Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions) a. uses the gas CO 2 b. forms glucose

21. Photosynthesis Chemical formula: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ---light--  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Six molecules of carbon dioxide react with six molecules of water to form 1 molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen

22. Light Reactions OXYGEN H20H20 SUN H Carbon Dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 Dark Reaction

23. Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon dioxide WaterGlucoseOxygen gas PHOTOSYNTHESIS

24. The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide –ATP generated by the light reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis –The NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose Light Chloroplast Light reactions Calvin cycle NADP  ADP + P The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy –Produce ATP & NADPH AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

25. Journal Explain the three steps of photosynthesis –Name –Where is it occurring? –What is occurring?

26. Cellular Respiration

27. PURPOSE: To use Food and O 2 to make ATP (energy) and the gas CO 2 Happens in ALL organisms! – Even Plants! What is this process called?

28. Once the energy that was in sunlight is changed into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an organism has to transform the chemical energy into a form that can be used by the organism. photosynthesis This is cellular respiration If an organism is a heterotroph they skip right to respiration

29. Two main types of energy releasing pathways 1. Aerobic respiration - occurring in the presence of free oxygen a. About 50% efficient b. Yields about 36ATPs 2. Anaerobic respiration - occurring without free oxygen a. About 2% efficient b. Yields 2 ATP

30. ORGANISMS THAT UNDERGO RESPIRATION EVERY LIVING THING!!!! 1. Bacteria: Use sugar to make ATP + CO 2 + ethyl alcohol make only 2 ATP at a time (in their cytoplasm) 2. Yeasts: Use sugar to make ATP + CO2 + ethyl alcohol make only 2 ATP at a time 3. Humans/animals: use food to make ATP, CO 2, H 2 O * make 38 ATP at a time* use food to make ATP, CO 2, lactic acid *make 2 ATP at a time * muscle cramping (lack of O 2 ) 4. Plants: use sugar they make to make CO 2, ATP, H 2 O make 38 ATP

31. WHERE DOES RESPIRATION OCCUR? 1. Cytoplasm: in all cells **** 2 ATP made here for each molecule of glucose broken down (called glycolysis) 2. Mitochondria: in plant and animal cells **** 36 ATP made here for each glucose broken down TOTAL ATP for Aerobic Cellular Respiration Glycolysis 2 + Mitochondria (Kreb Cycle) 36 = 38

32. Molecular Overview of Aerobic Respiration A. Summary equation: B. Three stages of aerobic cellular respiration

33. Steps….. Glycolysis - breakdown of glucose (6C) into two molecules of pyruvate (3C) Krebs cycle - degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions (H + ), and electrons (e - ) Electron transfer phosphorylation - processes H + and e - to generate high yields of ATP

35. Anaerobic Fungi using anaerobic process produce CO2 and alchohol – called alcoholic fermentation – used in creating food and beverages Lactic acid fermentation – producing ATP without O2 while working out – creates soreness in muscles – also used in making cheese and yogurt – Forms PYRUVATE

36. RESPIRATION REACTION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + ATP + H 2 O Gluclose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Pyruvic Acid (2) and ATP Glycolysis oxygen KREB CYCLE CO 2 H2OH2O ATP