1. Chapter 54 Animal Behavior “Behavioral Ecology”

2. 54.1 Approaches to the Study of Behavior Behavior- How an animal responds to stimuli in its environment A. Behavior’s two components 1. Proximate Causation- 2. Ultimate Causation- B. Innate Behavior- does not have to be learned 1. Sign Stimulus- The physical “trigger” or cause. 2. Fixed Action Pattern- A set (uncontrollable) reaction.

3. Proximate causation The direct cause of a behavior Training, learning Hormones

4. Ultimate causation (distal) Explanation of an animal's behavior based on evolution.evolution specific behavioral trait was favored by evolutionary mechanisms such as natural selection natural selection

5. Innate behavior Does not have to be learned “instinct”

6. Sign Stimulus- The physical “trigger” or cause Ex. sea gull chick pecks at red spot on mother

7. Fixed Action Pattern- FAP A sequence of actions that is unchangeable and carried to completion once initiated Usually started by a sign sequence Ex. Shaking display by great crested grebes:

8. FAP – Digger wasps 1)

9. FAP - 3 spined stickle back fish Will attack anything w/red underbelly no aggression Attack

10. Human FAP Raise brow and eye lids at same time

11. 54.2 Behavioral Genetics A. Rats can be artificially selected for intelligence. B. Identical twin studies reveal similarities that are not dependent on environment. C. Some behaviors are controlled by a single gene.

12. 54.3 Learning- Altering behavior as a result of previous experience. Modification of behavior based on experience Ex. Monkeys learn warning signals

13. Maturation is NOT learning When birds mature, they fly, with out parent

14. Nonassociative Learning- Does not require an association between stimulus and response.

15. Habituation- A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus Why drug addicts need MORE

16. Associative Learning- Does form a link between stimulus and response.

17. Classical conditioning- Pavlovian Conditioning- 2 different kinds of stimuli cause the animal to form an association. Pavlov’s dog – conditioned to drool when bell rang

18. B. Operant conditioning- An animal learns through reward or punishment Trial and error

19. Invisible fence What type? Operant

20. What type Pavlovian – clicker means treat

21. Sexual imprinting- an individual learns to direct its sexual behaviors toward members of its own species.

22. Cross fostering- individuals that are raised by a different species want to mate with members of the foster species.

23. 54.4 The Development of Behavior Imprinting- When parent-offspring interactions influence behavior later in life. Ex. Konrad Lorenz and his goslings Ex. Wrong imprinting Ex. Harlow’s rhesus monkeys

24. Imprinting- When parent-offspring interactions influence behavior later in life. Ex. Konrad Lorenz and his goslings Goslings took him to be mother

25. Ex. Wrong imprinting Who’s your mother??

26. imprinting Ex. Harlow’s rhesus monkeys

27. Cognitive Behavior Requires thought or brain process

28. Play Practices survival skills

29. Problem solving

30. Migration

31. Navigation Monarch butterflies know how to get home

32. Orientation Knowing where you are Salmon know which steam to enter to get to where they were born

33. Social behaviors Cooperative prey captures African wild dogs

34. Dominance and Hierarchy Top dog (wolf)

35. Territory behavior

36. 54.5 Animal Cognition Cognitive behavior – shows the ability to think, problem solve. Ex. Birds Ex. Chimps

37. 54.6 Orientation and Migration Orientation- tracking stimuli in the environment. (Ex. Traveling from the nest to a water source and then back) Migration- long-range, two-way movements that are usually seasonal. (follow a bearing) Navigation- The ability to set or adjust a bearing. (Painted Bunting)

38. 54.7 Animal Communication Species recognition and reproductive success- courtship signals. (Blue footed boobies)(Blue footed boobies) Long-distance communication Pheromones- chemical signals that communicate with animals of the same species and different species. Low Frequency Sounds- cover long distances

39. 54.7 Communication allows individuals to live as groups. Ex. Honey bee dance Ex. Alarm calling Ex. Primate language

40. 54.8 Behavioral ecology

41. Adaptive significance An organism has a trait that helps them survive

42. Optimal foraging theory organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their energy intake per unit time organismsenergy

43. Territoriality Animal claims its territory Not species specific

44. Sexual Selection Species specific

45. Intrasexual selection Competition between same sex for mate

46. Intersexual selection Competition to be the most desirable mate as judged by opposite sex

47. Extra pair copulations When a monogamous paired animal mates with another (In humans this is adultery or cheating)

48. 54.10 Altruisms Helping another without benefit or with danger to self

49. Reciprocal altruisms Most animal altruisms are reciprocal, not true altruisms (soldier falls on grenade) You help me, I will help you

50. Kin selection When members of a population help others survive

51. Social insects Work together for common good Termites Honey bees

52. 54.11 Evolution of Social systems

53. Insect societies have castes Ex. Queen bee Produced by royal jelly

54. Honey bees Drones (male bees) mostly useless, but a few get to mate with queen and pass on genes

55. Leaf cutter ants Build huge mounds, ants have different jobs

56. Vertebrate Societies Meerkats some guard while others eat

57. Lions Males defend Females hunt

58. African Weaver birds - forest Camouflaged nests Polygamous Insect eaters

59. African Weaver birds - savanna Nests in Trees Polygamous Seed eaters