1. [ 9.1 ] American Citizenship

2. Learning Objectives Describe how people become American citizens by birth and by naturalization. Explain how an American can lose his or her citizenship. Compare and contrast the status of undocumented aliens and legal immigrants.

3. [ 9.1 ] American Citizenship Key Terms 1.citizen 2.jus soli 3.jus sanguinis, 4.Naturalization 5.alien 6.Expatriation 7.denaturalization 8.Deportation  WITH A PARTNER: DEFINE IMPORTANT TERMS AND CREATE 1 WORD WALL POSTER THAT HELPS DEFINE THE WORD THAT IS ASSIGNED TO YOU AND YOUR PARTNER (YOU WILL ONLY CREATE 1 VOCAB POSTER). YOU WILL HAVE 20 MINUTES FOR THIS ACTIVITY!

4. Citizenship in the United States Today, citizenship is the badge of membership in a political society, and every state in the world has rules by which citizenship is determined. Much can be learned about the basic nature of a government by examining those rules. Who are and who may become citizens? Who are excluded from citizenship, and why?

5. Citizenship in the United States These students recite the Pledge of Allegiance, a statement of loyalty to the United States, every morning before class. The Pledge was written in 1892 to promote American patriotism.

6. Natural-Born Citizens Some 270 million Americans—nearly 90 percent—are citizens simply because they were born in this country. Another several million are also citizens by birth, although they were born outside the United States.

7. Natural-Born Citizens A Leading Citizenship Case: United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 1898 born in San Francisco in 1873 to parents who were citizens of China, he made a brief trip to China in 1895 and was denied entry to the US by immigration officials when he tried to return. They insisted that the 14 th Amendment should not be read so literally as to mean that he had become an American citizen at birth. They declared him an alien and so was denied entry by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Supreme Court ruled, clear wording of the amendment therefore he was a native-born citizen and not subject to the Chinese Exclusion Act. Complicated Citizenship Situations: not born a citizen at birth…not “subject to the jurisdiction of the US” – for example…children born to foreign diplomatic officials.

8. Natural-Born Citizens Citizenship can be acquired at birth either through jus soli—law of soil—or jus sanguinis—law of blood.Analyze Charts What is the difference between jus soli and jus sanguinis?

9. Natural-Born Citizens This notarized document attests to the U.S. citizenship of Wong Kim Ark, an American-born son of Chinese immigrants, guaranteeing his right to reenter the U.S. after a trip to China.

10. Naturalized Citizens Naturalization is the legal process by which a person can become a citizen of another country at some time after birth. Congress has the exclusive power to provide for naturalization (Article I, Section 8, Clause 4). No State may do so.

11. Naturalized Citizens Individual Naturalization Collective Naturalization

12. Naturalized Citizens Most Americans acquire citizenship at birth.Analyze Charts How else can people acquire American citizenship?

13. Losing One's Citizenship Although it rarely happens, every American citizen, whether native-born or naturalized, has the right to renounce—voluntarily abandon—his or her citizenship. Expatriation is the legal process by which a loss of citizenship occurs.

14. Losing One's Citizenship In 2013, singer Tina Turner relinquished her U.S. citizenship and became a Swiss citizen. Born and raised in Tennessee, Turner has lived in Switzerland since 1994.

15. Government Immigration Policies We are a nation of immigrants. Except for Native Americans—and even they may be the descendants of earlier immigrants—all of us have come here from abroad or are descended from those who did.

16. Government Immigration Policies Early Immigration: Congress has the exclusive power to regulate immigration and emigration. And for a century after independence as long as land was plentiful and expanding industry demanded more and more workers, immigration was actively encouraged. Immigration Regulation Begins: Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, by 1920, more than 30 groups were denied admission on the basis of personal traits. The Quota System: limit on the number of immigrants who could enter the US from that country each year. Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924 and the National Origins Act of 1929…all created quotas that were purposely drawn to favor northern and western Europe. Quota System Changes: 1952, Immigration and Nationality Act modified the quota system extending it to include every country outside the Western Hemisphere Current Immigration Policies: Immigration Act of 1990…675,000 immigrants may enter the US each year; continues the family preference policy of 1965, and those with occupational talents that are needed in our country also receive special preference (highly skilled researchers, engineers and scientists) People Excluded from Immigrating: Criminals, communicable diseases, drug abusers and addicts, illiterates, and mentally disturbed persons who might pose a threat to the safety of others. Deportation: legal process by which aliens are legally required to leave the country Reasons for Deportation: Most common: illegal entry; conviction of any serious crime, federal or State;

17. Government Immigration Policies Between 1892 and 1954, twelve million immigrants entered the United States through Ellis Island, the country’s busiest immigration inspection station.

18. Government Immigration Policies Immigration statistics have varied greatly over time. Analyze Data What does the chart say about countries of origin during the two decades?

19. Government Policies on Undocumented Aliens No one knows just how many undocumented aliens reside in the United States today. Their numbers began rising in the 1980s, and best estimates by the Department of Homeland Security and other sources put their total today at about 11.5 million. Most enter the country by slipping across the Mexican or Canadian borders, usually at night. Some come with forged papers. Many others are aliens who enter legally, as non- immigrants, but then overstay their legal welcomes.

20. Government Policies on Undocumented Aliens Where Many Undocumented Aliens Live: Larger cities “invisible” Where Many Undocumented Aliens Work: willing to work for substandard wages and in substandard conditions Current Law: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 made it easier to deport illegal aliens by streamlining the deportation process. It also toughened the penalties for smuggling aliens into the country. The statute also doubled the size of the Border Patrol. But it also established a one-year amnesty program under which aliens could become legal residents. And also made it a crime to hire any person who is in this country illegally. Immigration Reform Stalls: Congress has been unable to enact any meaningful immigration reform because they cannot agree on how best to approach the matter…do we stem the flow of illegal entries or do we deal with the illegal aliens that are in the country. In 2012, President Obama issued an executive order that suspended deportations of children of illegal immigrants for two years.

21. Government Policies on Undocumented Aliens A border patrol agent from U.S. Customs and Border Protection carefully surveys a crossing outside of San Diego, one of the busiest border patrol sectors.

22. Quiz: Natural-Born Citizens In United States v. Wong Kim Ark, Wong Kim Ark most likely took his case to court because A. as the child of Chinese citizens, Wong Kim Ark was entitled to U.S.-China dual citizenship. B. as the child of parents born in a Communist country, Wong Kim Ark could be deported. C. as a U.S. citizen, Wong Kim Ark was entitled to re-enter the United States after a trip to China. D. as an American citizen, Wong Kim Ark would not be allowed to relocate to China.

23. Quiz: Losing One's Citizenship The legal process by which a person can voluntarily give up his or her citizenship is called A. alienation. B. expatriation. C. naturalization. D. denaturalization.

24. Quiz: Government Immigration Policies Which of the following groups of immigrants is given special preference? A. citizens of western and northern Europe B. close relatives of citizens or resident aliens C. workers seeking employment with U.S. companies D. wealthy families and affluent tourists

25. Quiz: Government Policies on Undocumented Aliens In 2012, an executive order was issued by President Obama that A. created an amnesty program allowing illegal aliens one year to become legal residents. B. declared that it was a crime to hire an illegal alien. C. streamlined the deportation process. D. suspended the deportation of children of illegal aliens for two years.