1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Infants, Children, and Adolescents Laura E. Berk 6th edition Chapter 4 Birth and the Newborn Baby This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Three Stages of Labor

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Apgar Scale A ppearance P ulse G rimace A ctivity R espiration

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Apgar Scale

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth Classes Relaxation & Breathing Techniques Labor Coach –Social Support

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Other Natural Childbirth Practices Positions for delivery might include sitting upright or using a birthing stool. Water births are associated with shorter labors and a greater likelihood of a medication-free delivery than other approaches. North American women choosing home delivery remains a small percentage.

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Medical Interventions in Childbirth Fetal Monitoring Medication –Analgesics –Anesthetics Instrument Delivery Induced Labor

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Instrument Delivery

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cesarean Delivery Cesarean deliveries were rare 40 years ago, now they account for 30% of births in North America. Cesareans are warranted in medical emergencies such as: –Rh incompatibility –Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus –Infection –Baby in breech position

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Anoxia Oxygen deprivation at birth Can lead to brain damage or later cognitive, language problems –Cerebral palsy Causes include: –Squeezing by umbilical cord –Placenta abruptio, placenta previa –Failing to breathe after birth Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Preventing Brain Cell Death From Anoxia Researchers are experimenting with ways to prevent this secondary damage. Anoxic newborns placed in a head-cooling device shortly after birth for 72 hours substantially reduced brain injury and increased their assessment scores. Precooled water blankets are also being used to reduce the rates of death and severe disabilities.

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies Preterm Born weeks before their due date. May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy. Small-for-Date May be born at due date or preterm. Below expected weight for length of pregnancy. Some small-for-date babies have weakened abilities to manage stress.

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Low Birth Weight and Disabilities

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Preterm Infants 7 days in the womb—from 34 to 35 weeks can contribute greatly to infant health. Babies born at 35 weeks show substantially reduced rates of illness and lengthy hospital stays compared to those born at 34 weeks.

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Interventions for Preterm Infants IsoletteRespirator Feeding tube Intravenous medication Special infant stimulation Kangaroo skin-to-skin contact Parent training in caregiving

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Influence of Intensity of Early Intervention for Low-Income, Preterm Babies on Intellectual Functioning at Age 8

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Health Care for Parents and Newborn Babies Infant Mortality: in spite of the most up-to- date technology in the world, the United States has made little progress in reducing infant death-rates. Neonatal Mortality: low-birth rate is the second highest contributor to infant mortality, and it is largely preventable.

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Infant Mortality Around the World

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Health Care Programs and Policies for Mothers and Newborns Weak health care programs in the U.S. contribute to health problems. Paid, job-protected employment leave is another area where the U.S. lags far behind other countries. In Sweden, parents have the right to paid birth leave of 2 weeks for fathers and 18 months of paid leave to share between the parents. Even China provides a mother 3 months leave at regular pay, and Germany allows parents to supplement the standard 3-month paid leave with 2 more years at a flat rate and a third year at no pay.

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Precious Moments After Birth Oxytocin causes the breasts to “let down” milk and heightens the mother’s response to the baby. First-time fathers also show hormonal changes, including an increase in prolactin and decrease in androgens that are associated with positive emotional reactions to infants.

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Newborn Reflexes Eye Blink WithdrawalRootingSuckingSwimmingMoro Palmar Grasp Tonic Neck SteppingBabinski

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Infant States of Arousal Regular Sleep Irregular Sleep Drowsiness Quiet Alertness Waking Activity and Crying

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS is the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 week and 12 months in industrialized nations. Its occurrence tends to peak between 2 and 4 months of age.

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 How Can SIDS be Lessened? Quitting smoking, putting babies to sleep on their backs, and removing bedclothes can reduce SIDS incidents. Pacifiers are another protective measure.

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby Hold on shoulder and rock or walk SwaddlePacifier Ride in carriage, car, swing Combine methods Let cry for short time

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Newborn Sense of Touch Reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Sensitive to pain –Pain can affect later behavior –Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed of senses at birth Unable to see long distances, focus clearly Scan environment and try to track interesting objects Color vision improves in first two months

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Adjustments to Parenthood Gender roles Sharing caregiving predicts greater happiness and sensitivity to the baby. Postponing parenthood until the late twenties or thirties eases the transition.

31. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Adjusting to Second Births Fathers must take an even more active role in parenting. Both parents must help their first-born child adjust.

32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Parental Depression and Child Development 50 to 80% of first-time mothers experience postpartum depression after the birth of their baby. 4% of fathers also report depression after the birth of a child. Parental depression can have a negative effect on a child’s world view. Early treatment is vital.

33. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Changes in the Family System About 37% of babies in the United States and Canada are born to single-mother families. Planned births and adoptions by single 30-to 45-year-old women are increasing.

34. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Transitioning to Parenthood Pre-birth counseling can ease the transition to parenthood. High-risk parents struggling with poverty or a baby with disabilities will benefit from intensive home interventions.